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Chapter 3; Section 1 Pages 58-63 Directed Reading A Name_______________________________ cuts across. 1. Who is responsible for outlining the principle now called uniformitarianism? 2. What does the principle of uniformitarianism state? 3. Number the following geologic processes in the correct sequence ______ Rivers carry rock particles downstream ______ In time, new rock will be uplifted and create new landforms ______ Rock particles are deposited & form new layers of sediment ______ Natural forces break down rock into smaller particles 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Hutton Catastrophism Lyell Catastrophes e. Uniformitarians m During the late 20th century, scientists challenged uniformitarianism again. What do these scientists believe about catastrophes? What present-day evidence suggests that the extinction of dinosaurs was a result of a catastrophic event? Modern geology is a happy medium between uniformitarianism and ________________. The study of past life using fossils is called ______________. Scientists who study past life using fossils are ____________. Remains of organisms preserved by geologic processes are called ________________. The study of the history of Earth is called ________________. Idea that geologic change is gradual Idea that geologic change is sudden Rare, sudden events that cause change The author of Theory of the Earth The author of Principles of Geology 8. Explain how a crosscutting feature is always younger than the rock layers it a. b. c. d. Chapter 3; Section 2 Pages 64-69 Directed Reading A 1. What clues do scientists use to study Earth’s history? 2. Determining the age of objects or events in relation to other objects or events is called ___________________. 3. As long as a sequence of rock layers is undisturbed, scientists know that ______________________________. 4. The principle that outlines how rocks lie in undisturbed sequences is called ______________________. 5. How do disruptions of rock sequences pose a challenge to geologists? 6. What is the geologic column? 7. How do geologists use the geologic column? 9. A break in Earth’s crust along which blocks of crust slide relative to one another 10. Younger sediments deposited on top of older layers 11. Molten rock that has squeezed into existing rock and hardened 12. Rock layers bent and buckled by the Earth’s internal forces 13. Rock layers slanted by the Earth’s internal forces but without folding a. b. c. d. e. Superposition Folding Fault Tilting Intrusion 14. When a layer or several layers of rock are missing from a rock-layer sequence, this is called ______________________. 15. Name two possible explanations for a missing layer in a rock-layer sequence. 16. When sediment stops at some point and restarts, an unconformity is created by _____________. 17. When an area is worn down by water, wind, or other elements, an unconformity is created by ___________________. 18. Found between horizontal layers and tilted layers 19. Where sedimentary rock layers lie on top of an eroded surface of nonlayers igneous or metamorphic rock a. b. c. 20. Most common type of nonconformity 21. How do geologists figure out rock-layer puzzles Disconformity Nonconformity Angular unconformity Chapter 3; Section 3 Pages 70-73 Directed Reading A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. What is the purpose of absolute dating? Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called_____________________. When an isotope is _____________________, it does not undergo radioactive decay. When an isotope is _________________, it is called radioactive. During ________________, an unstable isotope breaks down into a stable isotope. How do scientists use isotopes to determine the age of an object? An unstable isotope is called the ___________________ isotope. The stable isotope is called the ____________________ isotope. The more daughter material there is in a rock sample, the ________________ the rock is. The time it takes for one-half of a radioactive sample to decay is called a(n) __________________. Determining the age of a sample, based on the ratio of parent material to daughter material is called ____________. After every half-life, what has happened to the parent material in the object? Used mainly for dating objects that are younger than 50,000 years Used mainly for dating rocks older a. Potassium-argon than 100,000 years b. Uranium-lead Used to date rocks older than 10 c. Rubidium-strontium million years; half-life isotope is d.Carbon-14 4.5 billion years Used to date rocks older than 10 million years; half-life of isotope is 49 million years Chapter 3; Section 4 Pages 74-79 Directed Reading A 1. What is the name for an organism preserved by geologic processes? 2. In what are most fossils preserved? 3. Which of the following organisms is commonly found preserved in rock a. Clam c. Insect b. Jellyfish d. Worm 4. Some of our best insect fossils are preserved in a. Amber c. Ice b. Rock d. Asphalt 5. Which of the following is an example of an organism whose tissue has been replaced by minerals? 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. a. A shell preserved in rock b. Petrified wood c. A frozen mammoth d. An insect trapped in amber The La Brea asphalt deposits have been trapping and preserving organisms for how long? Fossils of mammoths that lived during the last ice age have sometimes been preserved from decay by a. Replacement c. Premineralization b. Ice d. Amber Any naturally preserved evidence of an animal’s activity a. Mold A cavity in a rock where b. Trace fossil a plant or animal was buried c. Cast An object created when sediment fills a mold and becomes a rock What can animal tracks tell about the animal that left them? What can a coprolite tell about the animal that left it? Which of the following can scientists NOT interpret by examining fossils? a. How Earth’s environment has changed over time b. How plants and animals have changed over time c. The age of certain layers of rock d. The Earth’s position relative to the sun Which of the following statements about the fossil record is true? a. Most organisms can never become fossils b. Organisms having soft body parts are well represented in the fossil record c. Organisms having hard body parts are rare in the fossil record d. The fossil record is complete The fossil record does NOT reveal which of the following? a. A record of climate change b. A record of ocean depth c. A record of human civilization d. A record of ancient sea level How is an index fossil useful to geologists in establishing the age of the rock layer in which they find it? Imagine that you found a Tropites fossil. How old is the rock surrounding it? Imagine that you found a Phacops fossil. How old is the rock surrounding it? Chapter 3; Section 5 Pages 80-85 Directed Reading A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. How much time do the exposed layers of rock at Grand Canyon National Park represent? How many years of Earth’s history do geologists study? Why have geologists created the geologic time scale? The eon during which the earliest known rocks formed on Earth The eon in which we live The eon from which scientists have found rocks and meteorites only from the moon The eon in which the first organisms with well-developed cells appeared a. Hadean b. Archean c. Proterozoic d. Phanerozoic What do the boundaries between geologic time intervals represent? Number the following divisions of geologic time from largest to smallest: ____________ Epoch ____________ Eon ____________ Era ____________ Period What is extinction What kinds of catastrophic events can cause extinction? Describe the beginning of the Paleozoic era. How did the Paleozoic era end? Why is the Mesozoic era called the Age of Reptiles? Why is the Cenozoic era called the Age of Mammals? What probably caused the extinction of dinosaurs? What unique traits probably helped mammals survive?