Download Chapter 3 - Holicong9thGradeScience

Chapter 3; Section 1
Pages 58-63
Directed Reading A
Name_______________________________
cuts across.
1. Who is responsible for outlining the principle now called uniformitarianism?
2. What does the principle of uniformitarianism state?
3. Number the following geologic processes in the correct sequence
______ Rivers carry rock particles downstream
______ In time, new rock will be uplifted and create new landforms
______ Rock particles are deposited & form new layers of sediment
______ Natural forces break down rock into smaller particles
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Hutton
Catastrophism
Lyell
Catastrophes
e. Uniformitarians
m
During the late 20th century, scientists challenged uniformitarianism again. What
do these scientists believe about catastrophes?
What present-day evidence suggests that the extinction of dinosaurs was a result
of a catastrophic event?
Modern geology is a happy medium between uniformitarianism and
________________.
The study of past life using fossils is called ______________.
Scientists who study past life using fossils are ____________.
Remains of organisms preserved by geologic processes are called
________________.
The study of the history of Earth is called ________________.
Idea that geologic change is gradual
Idea that geologic change is sudden
Rare, sudden events that cause change
The author of Theory of the Earth
The author of Principles of Geology
8. Explain how a crosscutting feature is always younger than the rock layers it
a.
b.
c.
d.
Chapter 3; Section 2
Pages 64-69
Directed Reading A
1. What clues do scientists use to study Earth’s history?
2. Determining the age of objects or events in relation to other objects or events
is called ___________________.
3. As long as a sequence of rock layers is undisturbed, scientists know that
______________________________.
4. The principle that outlines how rocks lie in undisturbed sequences is called
______________________.
5. How do disruptions of rock sequences pose a challenge to geologists?
6. What is the geologic column?
7. How do geologists use the geologic column?
9. A break in Earth’s crust
along which blocks of crust
slide relative to one another
10. Younger sediments deposited
on top of older layers
11. Molten rock that has squeezed
into existing rock and hardened
12. Rock layers bent and buckled by
the Earth’s internal forces
13. Rock layers slanted by the Earth’s
internal forces but without folding
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Superposition
Folding
Fault
Tilting
Intrusion
14. When a layer or several layers of rock are missing from a rock-layer
sequence, this is called ______________________.
15. Name two possible explanations for a missing layer in a rock-layer sequence.
16. When sediment stops at some point and restarts, an unconformity is created
by _____________.
17. When an area is worn down by water, wind, or other elements, an
unconformity is created by ___________________.
18. Found between horizontal
layers and tilted layers
19. Where sedimentary rock layers
lie on top of an eroded surface
of nonlayers igneous or metamorphic rock
a.
b.
c.
20. Most common type of nonconformity
21. How do geologists figure out rock-layer puzzles
Disconformity
Nonconformity
Angular
unconformity
Chapter 3; Section 3
Pages 70-73
Directed Reading A
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What is the purpose of absolute dating?
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different
number of neutrons are called_____________________.
When an isotope is _____________________, it does not undergo radioactive
decay.
When an isotope is _________________, it is called radioactive.
During ________________, an unstable isotope breaks down into a stable
isotope.
How do scientists use isotopes to determine the age of an object?
An unstable isotope is called the ___________________ isotope.
The stable isotope is called the ____________________ isotope.
The more daughter material there is in a rock sample, the ________________ the
rock is.
The time it takes for one-half of a radioactive sample to decay is called a(n)
__________________.
Determining the age of a sample, based on the ratio of parent material to daughter
material is called ____________.
After every half-life, what has happened to the parent material in the object?
Used mainly for dating objects
that are younger than 50,000 years
Used mainly for dating rocks older
a. Potassium-argon
than 100,000 years
b. Uranium-lead
Used to date rocks older than 10
c. Rubidium-strontium
million years; half-life isotope is
d.Carbon-14
4.5 billion years
Used to date rocks older than 10
million years; half-life of isotope
is 49 million years
Chapter 3; Section 4
Pages 74-79
Directed Reading A
1. What is the name for an organism preserved by geologic processes?
2. In what are most fossils preserved?
3. Which of the following organisms is commonly found preserved in rock
a. Clam
c. Insect
b. Jellyfish
d. Worm
4. Some of our best insect fossils are preserved in
a. Amber
c. Ice
b. Rock
d. Asphalt
5. Which of the following is an example of an organism whose tissue has been
replaced by minerals?
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a. A shell preserved in rock
b. Petrified wood
c. A frozen mammoth
d. An insect trapped in amber
The La Brea asphalt deposits have been trapping and preserving organisms
for how long?
Fossils of mammoths that lived during the last ice age have sometimes been
preserved from decay by
a. Replacement
c. Premineralization
b. Ice
d. Amber
Any naturally preserved
evidence of an animal’s activity
a. Mold
A cavity in a rock where
b. Trace fossil
a plant or animal was buried
c. Cast
An object created when sediment
fills a mold and becomes a rock
What can animal tracks tell about the animal that left them?
What can a coprolite tell about the animal that left it?
Which of the following can scientists NOT interpret by examining fossils?
a. How Earth’s environment has changed over time
b. How plants and animals have changed over time
c. The age of certain layers of rock
d. The Earth’s position relative to the sun
Which of the following statements about the fossil record is true?
a. Most organisms can never become fossils
b. Organisms having soft body parts are well represented in the fossil
record
c. Organisms having hard body parts are rare in the fossil record
d. The fossil record is complete
The fossil record does NOT reveal which of the following?
a. A record of climate change
b. A record of ocean depth
c. A record of human civilization
d. A record of ancient sea level
How is an index fossil useful to geologists in establishing the age of the rock
layer in which they find it?
Imagine that you found a Tropites fossil. How old is the rock surrounding it?
Imagine that you found a Phacops fossil. How old is the rock surrounding
it?
Chapter 3; Section 5
Pages 80-85
Directed Reading A
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How much time do the exposed layers of rock at Grand Canyon National Park
represent?
How many years of Earth’s history do geologists study?
Why have geologists created the geologic time scale?
The eon during which the
earliest known rocks formed
on Earth
The eon in which we live
The eon from which scientists
have found rocks and meteorites
only from the moon
The eon in which the first organisms
with well-developed cells appeared
a. Hadean
b. Archean
c. Proterozoic
d. Phanerozoic
What do the boundaries between geologic time intervals represent?
Number the following divisions of geologic time from largest to smallest:
____________ Epoch
____________ Eon
____________ Era
____________ Period
What is extinction
What kinds of catastrophic events can cause extinction?
Describe the beginning of the Paleozoic era.
How did the Paleozoic era end?
Why is the Mesozoic era called the Age of Reptiles?
Why is the Cenozoic era called the Age of Mammals?
What probably caused the extinction of dinosaurs?
What unique traits probably helped mammals survive?