Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Management of acute coronary syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Lutembacher's syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Coronary artery disease wikipedia , lookup
Quantium Medical Cardiac Output wikipedia , lookup
Antihypertensive drug wikipedia , lookup
Cardiac surgery wikipedia , lookup
Myocardial infarction wikipedia , lookup
Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries wikipedia , lookup
The Cardiovascular System Life Science FLSS All images used are taken from copyright-free sources e.g. Wikicommons Media or produced by UWS staff. The Cardiovascular System • Also called circulatory system • Blood transports: – Nutrients and oxygen to cells – Waste products, eg. Urea and CO2 from cells – Hormones, heat…. • Important homeostatic role Consist of: • Heart (pump) • Blood vessels (pipes) • Blood (medium of transport) Closed Double Circulation • Closed – all blood is contained in the blood vessels • Double - there are 2 anatomically separate systems of blood vessels • Blood passes from one circuit to the other in a defined and ordered way. Closed Double Circulation UWS Staff (2015) CIRCULATORY CIRCUITS LUNGS Pulmonary circuit vena cavae Pulm arteries RA Pulm veins LA RV LV aorta Systemic circuit BODY UWS Staff (2015) Closed Double Circulation • Pulmonary circulation ONLY carries blood to and from lungs for gas exchange (low pressure) • Systemic circulation supplies oxygen & nutrients to rest of body tissues, removes waste materials from tissues (high pressure) Position of heart "Blausen 0467 HeartLocation" by BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762. - Own work. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0467_HeartLocation.png#/media/File:Blausen_0467_HeartLocation.png The Heart Alexanderpiavas134 (2007) Humhrt2 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Humhrt2.jpg Theleftorium (2009) Dissected pig heart https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dissected_pig_heart.jpg Osnimf (2005) Aorta https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aorta.jpg The Heart staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762. - Own work. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0452_Heart_BloodFlow.png#/media/File:Blausen_0452_Heart_BloodFlow.png Internal structure of the heart "Diagram of the human heart (cropped)" by Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg#/media/File:Diagram_of_the_human _heart_(cropped).svg Internal structure of the heart • 4 chambers –2 atria (upper) –2 ventricles (lower) • L ventricle larger than R & has thicker wall • divided into R & L side by a septum – no connection (after birth) between R & L side of heart Blood vessels and the heart • Arteries - carry blood away from heart • Veins - carry blood towards heart • Superior & inferior venae cavae 2 large veins, enter R atrium • Pulmonary trunk 1 large artery, leaves R ventricle • Pulmonary veins Several medium sized veins, enter L atrium • Aorta huge artery, leaves L ventricle Structure of heart wall • epicardium – outer layer - visceral layer of serous pericardium • myocardium - specialised interconnected muscle cells (cardiac muscle) • endocardium - flat epithelial cells, permit smooth flow of blood, continuous with similar cells in blood vessels Pericardium BruceBlaus. (2014) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png Physiology of the Heart Beating heart http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html Cardiac cycle • events of one heartbeat (duration approx 0.85 sec at 70bpm) • atria & ventricles contract & relax in turn • systole = period of contraction • diastole = period of relaxation CARDIAC CYCLE LadyofHats (2008) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_healthy_pumping_heart_en.svg Heart Sounds • 1st heart sound LUB! (closing of AV valves) • 2nd heart sound DUB! (closing of semilunar valves) • Damage to heart valves backflow/disturbed flow heart murmur "2014ab Coronary Blood Vessels" by OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2014ab_Coronary_Blood_Vessels.jpg#/media/File:2014ab_Coronary_Blood_Vessels.jpg Coronary Arteries What is a heart attack? Narrowed/Blocked coronary artery ↓ Lack of blood/O2/Nutrients to heart muscle ↓ Dysfunction/death of cells ↓ Angina What is a ‘bypass’ operation?? "Blausen 0466 Heart Bypass Surgery" by Blausen Medical Communications, Inc. - Donated via OTRS, see ticket for details. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0466_Heart_Bypass_Surgery.png#/media/File:Blausen_0466_Heart_Bypass_S urgery.png Blood Vessels Blood vessels heart pumps blood into blood vessels, these vary in size, structure & function: arteries and arterioles transport blood away from heart (at high pressure) capillaries link smallest arterioles to smallest venules ONLY vessels in which exchange of materials between blood & tissues occurs veins and venules return blood to heart (at low pressure) Blood vessels KelvinSong (2013) http://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Artery.svg Arteries and arterioles • thick walls - able to withstand high pressure of arterial blood • 3 layers: Inner layer – endothelium Middle layer – smooth muscle and elastic tissue Outer layer – fibrous connective tissue Capillaries • capillary bed, dense network every living cell located close to blood capillary, constantly bathed in tissue fluid • v. thin walls (lined by single layer of cells) • easy diffusion of small molecules between blood & tissue fluid • small diameter (3-12 micrometre) about size of red blood cell • return of tissue fluid - some to capillaries at venous side of capillary bed. Capillaries Arcadian (2006) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_capill ary.jpg Veins and venules • thinner walls (less muscle & elastic tissue) • some have valves (prevents backflow of blood) Sunshineconnelly (2007) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_and_phy siology_of_animals_Valves_in_a_vein.jpg Skeletal muscle pump OpenStax College (2013) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2114_Skeletal_Muscle_Vein_Pump.jpg Varicose veins National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (2009) Lakeland1999 (2010) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leg_Before_1.jpg Blood Blood • The only liquid connective tissue in body • Functions – Transport • Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, heat – Regulation • pH, body temperature – Protection • Blood clotting, white blood cells Constituents of blood • plasma - transparent fluid • formed elements – red cells (erythrocytes) – white blood cells (leukocytes) – platelets (thrombocytes) CC-BY-3.0 (2008) https://commons.wikimedi a.org/wiki/File:Bloodcentrifugation-scheme.png Plasma medium in which formed elements suspended • approx 91% water (solvent,absorbs,transports & releases heat) • 9% dissolved substances Plasma • Water – Maintenance of blood volume, solvent, vehicle for carrying substances • Solutes – Proteins - e.g fight infection, clotting, maintenance of blood osmotic pressure, bind to drugs & many others – Other solutes - e.g salts (electrolytes), nutrients, respiratory gases Formed elements Produced in red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells "Binucleated neutrophil smear 2009-11-16" by Paulo Henrique Orlandi Mourao - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Binucleated_neutrophil_smear_2009-1116.JPG#/media/File:Binucleated_neutrophil_smear_2009-11-16.JPG The National Cancer Institute (2011) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_White_Blood_cells.png Red blood cells • no nucleus • cytoplasm rich in haemoglobin (transport of oxygen) • biconcave disc - therefore large surface area for oxygen absorption • v. small & flexible, can pass through narrow blood capillaries "Anatomy and physiology of animals Red blood cells or erythrocytes" by Original uploader was Sunshineconnelly at en.wikibooks - Transferred from en.wikibooks; transferred to Commons by User:Adrignola using CommonsHelper.. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_Red_blood_cells_or_erythrocytes.jpg#/media/File:Anatomy_and_physiology_ of_animals_Red_blood_cells_or_erythrocytes.jpg "Blausen 0761 RedBloodCells" by BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762. - Own work. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0761_RedBloodCells.png#/media/File:Blausen_0761_RedBloodCells.png White blood cells • • • • Larger than red cells Have nucleus Many different types Most function to fight infection BruceBlaus (2013) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0909_ WhiteBloodCells.png Platelets • Small fragments of cells • Contain chemicals which stop bleeding and initiate blood clotting – haemostasis "Blausen 0740 Platelets" by BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762. - Own work. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0740_Platelets.png#/media/File:Blausen_0740_Platelets.png