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1 Name: ________________________________________ Homeroom: ____________ Chapter 7 – Earth’s Rocks Essential Question: How Are Minerals Identified? Properties of Minerals A _____________ is a natural, solid substance with a definite chemical composition and _________________________________. Minerals are identified by using many different _____________________. _______________ - color of the powder left behind when a mineral is rubbed on a piece of ______________________________. The streak is most often the ___________ color as the ________________. A mineral that _____________ under ultraviolet light is said to show ______________. A mineral is always a _______________, with its atoms arranged in a certain repeating pattern. A result of this patter is the mineral’s _________________________. Minerals tend to break along a plane, also known as a ____________________, along flat surfaces _______________________ to the crystal faces. Mineral Hardness and Uses Hardness measures the mineral’s ability to _____________________________. The ___________ hardness scale ranks minerals from 1 to 10, 1 being the __________ and 10 being the _____________. A mineral with a higher number has the ability to _______________ a mineral with a _____________ number on the Mohs scale. 2 Diamonds are the hardest mineral; therefore they are a ______ on the Mohs scale and no other mineral can _________________ a diamond. Every mineral has a specific ________________ that can then be compared with a different _________________. Therefore hardness is the most useful for _________________ the majority of minerals. Minerals have many _______________ uses. The part of your pencil that writes on paper is _______________, which is a very ___________ mineral. Minerals are also important sources of _______________; such as copper for _________________, iron which is used to make _______________________ and even rock salt which we ___________. How Minerals Form Minerals form only in ______________, from materials that were ____________ alive. Most minerals are ________________ of several elements, but can also form from a ____________ element. Minerals form in many places such as __________________, the Earth’s _____, deep within Earth in the ________________, as ____________ evaporates in ________________ caves, in ________________________ water from Earth’s crust, and in geodes. Essential Question: How is Rock Classified? ____________ is a natural solid made up of one or more ________________. Rock makes up ______________________ everywhere on earth. 3 Igneous Rock The rock that forms when melted rock hardens is called ____________________ rock. Igneous rock is the result when melted rock within _____________ is pushed up from the __________________ to the _______________. This melted rock within the Earth is called ________________. Once it is pushed to the crust the ______________ temperatures of the crust cause the magma to harden into ________________. Upon reaching Earth’s surface magma is called ______________. Since the temperatures are much _____________ on the surface lava cools much more quickly than magma. Igneous rock is either _________________ cooling deep inside Earth’s crust, or __________________ cooling on Earth’s surface. Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary rock forms when layers of ________________ - bits of rock carved by wind, water, or ice – settle over time and bind ____________________. Sedimentary rock is divided into 2 main groups, determined by how the rock is__________________. Clastic sedimentary rock forms from rock that is _________________________ ____________________________________. Chemical sedimentary rock forms when chemicals in water come out of the ____________________ and form _____________. Limestone is a very common chemical sedimentary rock that forms when animal shells or skeletons pile up at the bottom of an ocean or lake and become ________________ together and therefore form _____________. 4 Sedimentary rock is most likely to exist near Earth’s ____________________. Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic rock forms when igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic _________ is changed by pressure, heat, or very hot water. The process of forming metamorphic rock is known as ___________. Igneous and metamorphic rock both form where a land plate meets and ocean plate because of the ___________ and __________________ caused by the collision of the plates. Essential Question: What is the Rock Cycle? The Rock Cycle All the processes that change rock from one kind to another is the ___________. Any rock can become a _____________________ kind of rock. The rock cycle is constantly ___________ Earth’s surface and the ________ that makes up the surface. The Rock Cycle and Plate Boundaries The surface of the earth is made up of ________________, it is not a single slab of ________________________. These plates are very large and extremely ________, but_______________ on the soft rock that is beneath them. At the _______________ where land and ocean plates meet and sometimes _____________, all _____________ types of rock can form. 5 Essential Question: How do Soils Form? How Soil Forms __________________, the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces, is the most important factor in the process of soil formation. There are ______ types of weathering: Physical weathering – caused by ______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Chemical weathering – occurs when _____________ break up rocks, often in _____________, by dissolving parts of them. This can be compared to a ___________ that holds pieces together. There are ________ layers of soil. The very bottom layer of the soil is known as ____________________ and is mostly solid rock. Bedrock is solid rock underneath loose materials. The _______________ in bedrock help determine the type of soil that forms. Since much of the soil in the upper layers forms from _________________. ____________________ is the next and middle layer of the soil. Subsoil is mostly made of small bits of rock, that are broken up by the help of ________________ changes and ____________________ that force their way up through the soil. The upper part of the subsoil is rich with ___________. The upper part also contains _______________ that were dissolved and filtered down from the top of the ground. __________________, is the top layer of soil. (Imagine that ) Topsoil is much more _______________ than other soil layers. Topsoil contains bit of __________ __________________________________, and humus. _______________ is the 6 decayed plant and animal matter. This ___________ mixture of ingredients is good for growing plants, which need the phosphorus and nitrogen in ________ to grow well. The layer of ________________ is usually only a few ______________ thick. Not all ___________ are the same. They vary in __________, in the _________ they contain, and in _____________. One helpful clue in determining the kinds of minerals and the amount of humus, iron, and oxygen is the soil’s ________________. Conserving Soil After the _______________________________, farmers could no longer farm because there was no _______________ left. It had been blown away in the wind storms. As a result farmers had to change their farming techniques and think of ways to _____________________ soil. In order to save soil farmers now use several methods. They plant in __________ so that plants with shallow roots are next to plants with __________ roots. The deep roots can __________ down the soil. They also practice _______________ plowing, where they plow across slopes to prevent water and soil from flowing downhill. Another important method farmer’s use is the planting of windbreaks. These windbreaks are lines of ______________ that stop the wind from ____________ away the soil. It is important to conserve soil because it can take many _________________ of years for soil to form naturally; therefore it can not be replaced _______________.