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By: Jennifer Lovell, Nashay Washington and Julissa Lecky France French Music History French music is a mixture of a variety of music styles. It has, for example a bit of Latin America, Africa and Asian music. Corsica and mountainous Auvergne are two of the regions that preserve folk and traditional French music, which uses the piano accordion as its main instrument. Auvergne, Limousine, Morvan, Nivernais, Bourbonnais and Berry all form the Central part of France, and is where the French bagpipe tradition and the hurdy gurdy are still present. The hurdy gurdy is a combination of the piano accordion and violin, and the result is a magnificent melody. This musical style can also be found in Spain, Hungary and Russia. The southern part of France also has its own music, which is called troba muffin, which is Occitan ragga muffin, and is played by the Massilia Sound System, a well known reggae group. French Is Known for... . The first opera is thought to be "Akébar roi du Mogol", with Jean-Baptiste Lully as the best known composer of this style of music. Hector Berlioz was one of the greater and original composers of the nineteenth century. Himself and Georges Bizet, Jules Massenet, Gabriel Fauré, Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy were the pioneers who revitalized French music. Nowadays, the most important advanced kind of music developed in France is that called "spectral music", which is very popular in Europe and in the United States. France Fashion Frenzy Fashion has been an important industry and cultural export of France since the seventeenth century, and modern "haute couture" originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris, along with London, Milan, and New York City, is considered one of the world's fashion capitals, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses, including Céline, Chanel, Dior, Donna Karan, Givenchy, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Hermès, Rochas, Vuitton and Yves Saint Laurent Fashion At its Best... Post War Contemporary Français Des aliments Foie Gras is one of the most popular and well-known delicacies in French cuisine and its flavor is described as rich, buttery, and delicate unlike that of a regular duck or goose liver. It can be sold whole, or prepared into mousse, parfait, or pâté (the lowest quality), and is typically served as an accompaniment to another food item, such as toast or steak. Food in France French Beef Stew (Pot au Feu) serves:- 4-6, preparation time:- 10 mins, cooking time:- 3-4 hours Ingredients * 1.5kg or 3lb of meat, shin of beef or flank with the bone inside * 6 carrots * 6 small turnips * 6 leeks * 2 onions, with cloves stuck in * 2 cloves of garlic * 2 bay-leaves * 1 sprig of thyme, parsley, and celery leaves * 2 marrow bones * 6 medium potatoes * salt and pepper Method * In a large crock pot, bring about 3 litres or 5 pints of water to the boil. * put in the meat and bring back to the boil and leave to boil for 3-4 minutes, until you can remove the scum. * lower the heat and simmer for about 1-2 hours (depending on how tender you want your meat). * add all the vegetables (except the potatoes), herbs and seasoning and cook for a further 1 to 1&1/2 hours. * Then finally add the potatoes and marrow bones, when the potatoes are cooked the stew is ready!! Italy Musica Italiana Italy is the home of opera music. Opera music was created in Italy in the 17th century by Italian music composer Claudio Monteverdi. He wrote his first opera in 1607 named L’Orfeo which was composed to commemorate the annual festival of Mantua. Since then opera music has become an institution in the world of Italian music and widely appreciated around the world. Italy has produced a consistent stream of some of the world’s best opera singers, conductors and composers up to the present day. The most famous names in the contemporary world of Italian opera music are probably Luciano Pavarotti and Andrea Bocelli who are both singers of opera music. Italy also houses some of the best venues for performing opera music in the world. Examples of fantastic opera houses in Italy can be found in Milan, Venice, Naples and Verona to name only a few. Italy has produced a few very significant names in the world of classical music over the past few hundred years. One of Italy’s major contributors to classical music is Antonio Vivaldi who is the musical composer widely credited as having created concerto music. Modern Music Italiana The most well-known form of popular music in Italy during the past few decades has been rock music. Although no Italian rock music bands have ever had much success in the English speaking countries, there are several very popular Italian rock music bands inside Italy. Popular 1980s rock singers and songwriters include Gianna Nannini, Zucchero and Vasco Rossi. There has also been quite a significant punk music scene in Italy since the 1970’s and there even seems to be a resurgent new punk music scene developing in Italy today. Popular music in Italy often takes its cues from the USA and this appears to be how rap music has developed in Italy. There is today a significant rap music scene in Italy with accompanying fashions and lifestyles that mirror those of rap musicians in America. While the beats of Italian rap music may seem to be a close copy of rap music in the US, the lyrics often found in Italian rap music seem to concentrate on social reviews that are entirely Italian. Moda Italiana Italian fashion has amongst the world's most important fashion designs, such as those of France, USA, Great Britain and Japan. Fashion has always been an important part of the culture of Italy, and its society, and Italians are well known for their attention to dressing-up well, and "la bella figura", or good impression, remains traditional in the Italian way of living. Italian designs began to become one of Europe's main trendsetters ever since the 11th-16th centuries, when artistic development in Italy was at its peak. Cities such as Venice, Milan, Florence and Vicenza started to produce luxury goods, hats, cosmetics, jewelry and rich fabrics. During the 17th-early 20th centuries, Italian fashion lost its importance, and Europe's main trendsetter became France. Cibo Italiano A calzone is a turnover that originates from Italy. It is made of ingredients similar to pizza folded over and shaped like a crescent The typical calzone is stuffed with tomato and mozzarella, and may include other ingredients usually associated with pizza toppings. Sweet versions, usually smaller and cookie-sized, are a specialty in the Marche. Fried versions typically filled with tomato and mozzarella, are made in Puglia and are called Panzerotti. Pasta Italiana Ziti Penne is a type of pasta with cylinder-shaped pieces. Penne is the plural form of the Italian penna, deriving from Latin penna .In Italy, penne are produced in two main variants: "penne lisce" (smooth) and "penne rigate" (furrowed), the latter having ridges on each penna. There is also pennoni ,which is a wider version of penne. The same or similar shape is also called mostaccioli (little mustache) and ziti which arelong hollow rods which are also smooth in texture and have square-cut edges; "cut ziti" are ziti cut into shorter tubes and can refer to particular dishes made from penne-shaped pasta. When all fails, Dress Like Italians... Then Now Music In England English music has been an instrumental and leading part of this phenomenon, at the end of the 1960s and into the 1970s. The achievements of the Anglican choral tradition following on from 16th century composers such as Thomas Tallis, John Taverner and William Byrd have tended to overshadow instrumental composition. figures such as Edward Elgar and Arthur Sullivan in the 19th century showed a new vitality in English music. In the 20th century, Benjamin Britten and Michael Tippett came out as internationally-recognized opera composers, and Ralph Vaughan Williams and others collected English folk tunes and adapted them to the concert hall. Cecil Sharp was a leading figure in the English folk revival. Modernizing England's Music A new trend emerged out of Liverpool in 1962. The Beatles became the most popular musicians of their time, and in the composing duo of John Lennon and Paul McCartney, popularized the concept of the self-contained music act. Before the Beatles, very few popular singers composed the tunes they performed. The "Fab Four" opened the doors for other English acts such as The Rolling Stones, Cream, The Hollies, The Kinks, The Who, Queen, Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, and Pink Floyd to the globe. Fashion in England Victorian fashion comprises the various fashions and trends in British culture that emerged and grew in province throughout the Victorian era and the reign of Victoria, a period which would last from June 1837 to January 1901. Covering nearly two thirds of the 19th century, the 63 year reign would see numerous changes in fashion. These changes would include, but not be limited to, changes in clothing, architecture, literature, and the decorative and visual arts. Fashion Hits England Victorian Style Modern Style English muffins English Muffins should not be mistaken for American Muffins. English muffins are a yeast-based dough as you can see in this English Muffin recipe. They are a delicious teatime treat, toasted and served warm with butter or filled, they make a lovely sandwich. They are easy to make and once cooked will keep for several days in an airtight tin. Preparation: Put the milk and 2 fl/oz/55ml water into a saucepan and heat gently until just warm enough for you to dip your finger in comfortably. Put the warmed milk into a small basin or jug, add the sugar and the yeast, mix lightly and leave in a warm place for about 15 minutes and the mixture has a lightly bubbling top. Sift the flour into a roomy baking bowl, add the salt and stir. Make a well in the center of the flour and pour the yeast and milk mixture in. Mix all the ingredients together until a soft, non-sticky dough is formed; if the dough feels dry a little more water a drop at a time, too wet add a little more flour. Place the dough on a lightly floured surface and knead for 10 minutes or until the dough is smooth and elastic. Put the dough back into the baking bowl, cover with a clean, dry tea towel and leave in a warm (not hot) place until the dough has doubled in size, this could take up to an hour, so be patient. Once risen, tip the dough back onto the floured surface and roll out to ½ inch/1cm thick. Cut into 3 inch/7.5cm rounds. The dough may start to puff up again but simply roll it back to ½ inch. Place the muffins on a greased baking sheet and leave to rise for 30 minutes, again in a warm, but not hot, place. Grease a heavy-based frying pan or griddle with a little lard, heat until hot but not burning. Add a few muffins, lower the heat and cook for 7 minutes on each side. Once cooked, put to one side, re-grease the pan or griddle and heat, then continue as above until you have used up all the dough. Store them in an airtight tin. Muffins are delicious warm, split the muffin open around the center and filled with lots of butter, yummy. If they begin to go a little dry simply toast them. English Delights A classic dessert or tea time treat has to be a traditional apple pie. This traditional apple pie recipe is quick and easy and ensures a perfect result every time. Use cooking or Bramley apples for the best filling, eating apples don't soften the same way. Prep Time: 30 minutes Cook Time: 25 minutes Total Time: 55 minutes Ingredients: Pastry 7 oz/200g all purpose/plain flour pinch of salt 1 stick/ 110g butter, cubed or an equal mix of butter and lard 2-3 tbsp cold water Filling 1 ½ lbs/700g cooking apples, peeled, cored and quartered 2 tbsp lemon juice ½ cup/ 100g sugar 4 - 6 tbsp cold water 1 level tsp ground cinnamon ¼ stick/25g butter Milk to glaze Preparation: Method Place the flour, butter and salt into a large clean bowl. Rub the butter into the flour with your fingertips until the mixture resembles fine breadcrumbs, working as quickly as possible to prevent the dough becoming warm. Add the water to the mixture and using a cold knife stir until the dough binds together, add more cold water a teaspoon at a time if the mixture is too dry. Wrap the dough in Saran wrap/Clingfilm and chill for a minimum of 15 minutes, up to 30 minutes.