Download The Renaissance in Italy Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern

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Oman College of Management & Technology
COURSE NAME: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN
PROPOSED BY: DR.MOHAMED ALNEJEM
SEMESTER: FIRST 2015/2016
CHAPTER (5): -The Renaissance in Italy
-Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe
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CHAPTER 5 :
The Renaissance in Italy
Baroque and Rococo in Italy
and Northern Europe
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The Renaissance
in Italy
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What was the Renaissance?
• A period after the Middle Ages.
• The start of the “modern world”
• New interest in old stuff, like Greece & Rome
• Changes in thought about art, religion, literature, education
Where did the renaissance Start?
• Began in Italy
• Later spread north to Germany and England
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The term “renaissance”:
• The term “renaissance” means
“rebirth,” and stems from ideas
formulated by the Italian poet
Petrarch.
• Petrarch believed that he and his
contemporaries had revived Greek
and Roman ideas and thought after
a period of cultural stagnation in
the Dark Ages following the
collapse of the Roman Empire.
• The Italian city of Florence is
often described as the cradle of the
Renaissance.
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The Renaissance in Italy:
• Renaissance (1400–1600)
o Means “rebirth”
o Refers to the time period and the style of art
o A renewed interest in Classical thinking, mythology, and art.
• Humanism
o Philosophical approach that stressed the intellectual and physical
potential of human beings.
• Religion
o Reformation and Counter-Reformation
o Catholic and Protestant beliefs were reflected in the art of the
Italian Renaissance and the northern Renaissance.
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The Renaissance period in Italy:
• The Early Renaissance .
• The High Renaissance .
• Late Renaissance and Mannerism.
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The Early Renaissance in Italy
• Renewed interest in the Classical past
- Study of mathematics and science encouraged the systematic
understanding of the world.
• Art was a balance of the real and ideal
- Realistic depictions of three-dimensional space and perspective
- Idealistic portrayal of mythological or religious subjects, and the nude
figure .
• The artist Giotto represents the transition between the art of the
Middle Ages and the early Renaissance.
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Florence Cathedral
• Building the cathedral began in 1296, but it
was still incomplete more than 100 years later.
• No one had figured out how to build its
enormous dome
• In 1419 a competition to design the dome was
held, Italian sculptor and architect Filippo
Brunelleschi won
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Dome of Florence Cathedral
• The construction of Brunelleschi’s dome began
in 1420
- It took 16 years to complete
• Dome was a great technological challenge
- 140 feet in diameter, and 170 feet above
ground at its top
- Brunelleschi designed the system and
equipment for building it
- The dome structure was built layer by layer
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Masaccio, Tribute Money
• Masaccio is a nickname, meaning “Big Clumsy Tom”
• Masaccio applied linear perspective (Brunelleschi’s invention) in Tribute
Money
-All elements use the same scale
-Vanishing point and focal point
-Atmospheric perspective
-Creates the believable illusion of three-dimensional space
• Chiaroscuro
-Used to create realistic shading and modeling
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The High Renaissance in Italy
• Beginning of the 16th century
• Continued development of making art look “believable”
-Rules of perspective
-Ideal and real
-Religious and mythological subject matter
• Three great Italian artists dominated this period:
-Leonardo da Vinci
-Michelangelo
-Raphael
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Late Renaissance and Mannerism
• c. 1530–1600
• A time of historical upheaval
-1527 Sack of Rome
-1530 Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor
• Late Renaissance art
-A reaction to the high Renaissance
-Dissonance instead of harmony
-Distortion rather than precision
• Mannerism
-From the Italian “di maniera,” which means charm, grace
-Exaggeration for emotional effect
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Paintings
• Art based on heaven to being based on the natural world
• Inspired by humanism
• Appeared 3D to the human eyes
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Architecture
• Mathematics gave an insight into Classical methods of proportion
and structure
• Defined by flat surfaces and strong lines
• Important part symmetry
• Palazzi
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Sculpture
• Early Renaissance sculptors took inspiration directly from Classical
Roman and Greek sculptor.
• They imbued their free-standing figures with a range of emotions and
filled them with energy and thought.
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Baroque
in Italy and Northern Europe
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Baroque (1600–1750)
Introduction
• Refers to the time period and the style of art.
• Increase in trade, advancements in science.
• Permanent split between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
• Baroque art tends to be full of motion and emotion.
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Baroque history:
• Early Baroque – 1540’s to 1600’s
• High Baroque 1620’s onwards
Reaction against the artificiality of the 16th century Mannerism
• Realism was again in fashion, although appear in different ways
• Two most important groups of Early Baroque were the Naturalists
and Classicists
The term (Baroque) :
• The term Baroque once had a negative meaning.
• The name is derived from Baroque pearls – pearls with unusual, odd
shapes
• Compared to Renaissance art, it was considered to be “overdramatic” and the architecture, “overly decorated”.
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Baroque style:
Italian Baroque
Spanish Baroque
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French Baroque
Dutch Baroque
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Architecture: Characteristics
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Long narrow naves replaced by broader or circular forms.
Dramatic use of light.
Large-scale ceiling frescoes.
External façade with dramatic central projection.
Interior a shell for painting and sculpture.
Illusory effects.
Onion domes in Eastern Europe.
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Sculpture Characteristics:
• The clients are the church and the nobility.
• It is the way of expression of different religious believes.
• It was used as a way of advertising power.
• Works are located in public places, such as courtyards and fountains.
• Creation of images that can be seen from different points of view.
• Tendency to open structures.
• Complicated lines, being the diagonal the most used.
• Interest for the effects of light:
-different treatment of surfaces
-Resource to breaking wall to get the ideal illumination
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Painting
• Subjects: religious and profane (mythological, allegorical, historical
or portraits).
• Composition: complicated; taste for big groups, with different centres
of attention. Portraits are just essential.
• Lines: dynamic and complicate. Diagonal is the most used or
combinations of horizontal and vertical.
• Colour: rich, with great effects due to the use of oil and contrast
depending on the areas.
• Strange elements: secondary plans, mirrors.
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Rococo
in Italy and Northern Europe
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Rococo
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French style for interior decoration
It developped mainly at the end of 1720
It was used in other countries as a French Style
Characteristics:
 Galante: luxurious things
 Contraste: asymmety
 Chinoiserie: exotic character imitating Chinese arts
The Rococo style :
• Typical of Rococo style :
o Pastel color scheme
o Small scale works
o Delicate rendering of objects and figures
o Idyllic settings
o Fête galante and leisure activity of French aristocracy
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Rococo Architecture
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It caught the public taste
Small and strange buildings
Elegant parlours, dainty sitting-rooms.
Walls, ceiling, furniture and works of metal as
decoration
Ensemble of sportive, fantastic and sculptured
forms
Horizontal lines almost completely supressed
Shell-like curves
Walls covered by stucco
White and bright colours.
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Rococo Sculpture
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There is not a breaking with the former
The tune was set by courts and it is decorative
Staircases, columns with atlantes become common
Gardens and parks were adorned more than ever before with statues.
The social role of sculpture increased to show the power of dynasties and
nobility, mainly when cities expanded
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Rococo Painting
Characteristics
• Theme was the pursuit of
pleasure
• Romantic love was
depicted as sensual.
• Pastels and muted colors
• Attention to finer details
• Public expressions of
fashion .
Rococo Furnishings
Characteristics:
• Flowing curves and flourishes
• Freeform
• Gilded with precious metals
• References the feminine form
• Lots of color
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