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* Nouns * Pronouns * Adjectives * Interjections * Prepositions * Verbs * Adverbs * Conjunctions Person, place, thing, or idea Proper Noun: particular person, place, thing, or idea (capitalized) • EX: February, Mr. Jones Common Noun: everyday names of people, places, things, or ideas • EX: month, school, country Concrete Noun: (most nouns) name things that can be seen, felt, heard, touched, or smelled • EX: star, water, flower, basketball Abstract Noun: name concepts, beliefs, or qualities • EX: freedom, capitalism, courage Compound Noun: consists of more than 1 noun but count as one word • EX: Minooka Community High School, Illinois State University Collective Noun: names of persons, places, or things that are sometimes counted as 1 unit (considered to be singular) are are sometimes counted separately (considered plural) • EX: army, herd, pack, family A word that takes the place of a noun Personal Pronoun: represent people or things • EX: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them Possessive Pronoun: show ownership • EX: mine, yours, hers, his, theirs, ours Demonstrative Pronoun: demonstrates or points out someone or something • EX: this, that, these, those Relative Pronoun: relates 1 part of the sentence to another • EX: who, whom, which, that, whose Reflexive Pronoun: (sometimes called intensive pronoun) reflects back to someone or something else in the sentence • EX: myself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves DON’T use a reflexive pronoun in a sentence if you haven’t already specified whom or what you’re talking about. Interrogative Pronoun: asks a question • EX: who, whom, which, whose, what Indefinite Pronoun: (opposite of name) refers to a specific person (group) that has already been mentioned • EX: all the “bodies”, all the “things”, all the “ones” • EX: each, either, neither = SINGULAR • EX: few, both, many, several = PLURAL • SAMAN (some, all, most, any, none) Can be both SINULAR OR PLURAL Word that modifies (describes) a noun or a pronoun • EX: The framed picture came crashing off the wall during the earthquake. Ask these questions to see if it’s an adjective: • 1. Which one? • 2. What kind? • 3. How many? Definite Article: names someone or something specific • EX: the Indefinite Article: does not name anything specific • EX: a, an Word that can either express surprise or some other kind of emotion. It can also be used as a filler. • EX: Hey, like, well, ouch, oh • EX: Ouch! Did you step on my toe?= STRONG EMOTION (!) • EX: Like, what’s going on?= MILD EMOTION (,) **Use in moderation, in dialogue, not formal writing.** PREPOSITION: tells the position of something. A word that links a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. • EX: Jack and Jill went up the hill. (Up is the preposition connecting went and hill.) • EX: Little Jack Horner sat in a corner. • EX: Sing a song of sixpence. To tell if a word is a preposition, ask yourself if it fits in this sentence: • It went _________ the thing(s). • ACADEMIC RULE: Don’t end a sentence with a preposition. About Behind Down Off To Above Below During On Toward Across Beneath Except Onto Under After Beside For Out Underneath Against Between From Outside Until Along Beyond In Over Up Among But Inside Past Upon Around By Into Since With At Concerning Like Through Within Before Despite Of Throughout Without A word that expresses action or being. 1. Action verbs are most common. • EX: Marilyn jumped for joy when Frank called her. • EX: The frog sits on top of the lily pad in the lake. Transitive Verb: a verb that takes an object (can answer: Whom? or What?) • EX: I carried the injured boy to the waiting ambulance. (I carried whom?) • EX: The mailman gave the package to Mrs. Smith. (The mailman gave what?) • Write a sentence with a transitive verb. Intransitive Verb: a verb that does not have an object (preposition follows verb) • EX: Exhausted after a hard day’s work, I sank into the sofa with great delight. • EX: Mary looked after the children. • Write a sentence with an intransitive verb. 2. Being Verb: expresses “being” AKA linking verbs • EX: AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE, BE, BEING, BEEN • EX: I be sitting on the dock of the bay. • Change to: ________________. • EX: Yesterday she be listening to music. • Change to: ________________. 3. Helping Verb: (auxiliary verb) can join the main verb to express the voice, mood, and tense of the verb. • EX: Frankie ______ go to the movies tonight. Can Must Would Could Shall Be May Should Do Might Will 1. A word that modifies (describes) a verb, adjective, or other adverb. ADVERB(AD= Adverb & Adjective; VERB) • EX: Yesterday, the quite relieved soldier very quickly ran out of the woods when he saw his comrade frantically waving at him. Ask these questions to determine if it is an adverb: • • • • • • • • How? When? Where? Why? Under what circumstances? How much? How often? To what extent? 2. Conjunctive Adverbs: AKA transition words Accordingly However Hence Therefore Also Incidentally Moreover Thus Besides Indeed Nevertheless Still Consequently Instead Next Meanwhile Finally Likewise Otherwise Furthermore 1. Coordinating Conjunction: combines phrases and clauses • For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So 2. Correlative Conjunction: CANNOT STAND ALONE! They must have a relative near by! • Both/and • Either/or • Neither/nor • Not only/but also • Not only/also 3. Subordinating Conjunction: These are used at the beginning of DEPENDENT clauses (words that have a subject & verb but cannot stand alone). • EX: after, although, as long as, because, since, that, than, while, whether, etc…