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Introduction to Biology:
Basic Biological Principles
1
Cell Structure and Function
Describe the characteristics exhibited by all living things
Big Ideas (To Understand)
All organisms on earth share common characteristics of life.
Keystone
Anchor Descriptor: BIO.A.1.1 Explain the characteristics
common to all organisms.
Eligible Content: BIO.A.1.1.1 Describe the characteristics of life
shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Anchor Descriptor: BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between
structure and function at biological levels of organization.
Eligible Content: BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret
relationships between structure and function at
various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles,
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular
organisms).
1. Common
characteristics of life:
composed of one or more units called cells
obtain and use matter and energy to carry out their life processes
reproduce and pass their genetic material on to the next
generation
seek to maintain a biological balance between their internal and
external environments
grow, develop and eventually die
detect and respond to stimuli
adapt and evolve at the population level
2. Levels of biological organization from organelle to multicellular
organism
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Multicellular Organism
Key Vocabulary
science
biology
multicellular
unicellular
prokaryotic cell
eukaryotic cell
stimuli
adapt
evolve
population
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
multicellular organism
cell
chloroplast
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
endosymbiosis
golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
nucleus
organelles
plastids
ribosome
Introduction to Biology
• Biology: The study of life
•
Life arose more than 3.5 billion years ago in
Archean eon of Precambrian period
• First organisms (living things) were single celled
(unicellular); Only life on Earth for millions of
years
• First multicellular organisms arose in the Proterozoic
eon of Precambrian period between 550 million and 2.5
billion years ago!
•Organisms changed over time (evolved)
Introduction to Biology
• New organisms arose from older kinds !
Today, estimates suggest 10 – 100 million
organisms may exist!!!!!!!!! Only 1.5 million
of these have been named!
• 99% of organisms that EVER existed may
already be extinct, having never been identified
and named!!
• 99% of all animal species are smaller than
bumble bees!
• Organisms inhabit almost EVERY region
of the Earth today!
What are the
characteristics
of life?
Characteristics of Living Things
All living things…
1. reproduce (sexually or asexually).
2. are made of cells (uni- or multicellular).
3. have DNA, the universal genetic code.
4. are homeostatic. (stable internal environment
5. adapt. (change over time)
6. respond to stimuli
7. have a source of energy. (autotrophic vs.
heterotrophic)
8. grow.
The Characteristics of Life
All living things….
…no matter how different from each
other they may be….
….share a set of
common characteristics.
….are made up of units called cells.
Organization and Cells
•
•
•
•
•
All living things are composed of one
or more cells
Cells are the smallest units that can
perform all life’s processes
In multicellular organisms, many are
specialized to perform specific
functions
Cells are always very small
The size of multi-celled organisms
depends on the number of cells NOT
their size
Organization and Cells, cont.
•
•
•
•
Organized at both the molecular
and cellular levels
Take in substances from the
environment and organize them
in complex ways
Specific cell structures
(organelles) carry out particular
functions
Can be unicellular (bacteria) or
multicellular (humans)
•
In multicellular organisms, cells and groups of cells are organized by
their function (hierarchy of life)
• Atom  Biological Molecule  Organelle  Cell  Tissue 
Organ  Organ System  Organism
The specialized cells of multicellular organisms are organized into an organ system, as
shown. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. Many
tissues work together as an organ to complete complicated tasks. A group of organs
that work together to perform a specific function is called an organ system.
The Venn diagram to the right consists of four concentric
circles. In your notes, complete the diagram to show the
Relationships among four levels of organization of life.
Use the terms cells, organ, organ system, and tissue.
See if you can include the level of organization called
“organism” in the Venn diagram. Show where it would
be added.
The diagram to the left shows a few of the different
types of cells found in your body. Luckily, the cells
in our body are specialized. Some cells are
specialized to move, to react to the environment;
still others to produce substance that the organism
needs. Each of these specialized cells contributes
to homeostasis in the organism.
Describe how cells of a multicellular organism are
like a baseball team, or choose any type of team
you like.
….reproduce.
Reproduction
• Production of new organisms is essential for the continuation
of a species
• Hereditary information is transferred to offspring
during two kinds of reproduction
• Sexual reproduction – hereditary information
recombines from two organisms of the same
species
• Asexual reproduction – hereditary information
from different organisms is not combined ~
original and new organisms are genetically the same
….are based on a universal genetic code called DNA.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Living things are based on a
universal genetic code
Based on 1 molecule that is
almost identical in every
organism on earth: DNA
….grow and develop.
Growth and Development
• All living things grow and increase in size from the division
and enlargement of cells
• Development is the process by which an organism
becomes a mature adult; involves cell division and cell
differentiation, or specialization
….obtain and use materials and energy.
Metabolism
• The sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and
transform energy and materials from the environment
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Metabolism
• ALL energy comes from the SUN (directly or indirectly)
• Photosynthesis is the process by which some organisms
capture the energy from the sun (solar) and transform it
into energy (chemical) that can be used by living things
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Metabolism
• Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs
• Phototrophs – use solar energy (photosynthesis) to get
energy
• Convert H2O and CO2 into sugar and O2
• Chemotrophs – use different chemical processes to get
energy
• Organisms that must take in food to meet their energy
needs are called heterotrophs
Consume autotrophs (herbivores), other heterotrophs
(carnivores) or both (omnivores) for their energy needs
• Complex chemicals are broken down and reassembled into
chemicals and structures needed by organisms
ON YOUR OWN
1. Classify the following organisms as
herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores:
a. tigers b. cows c. humans d. sheep
2. Classify the following organisms as
producers, consumers, or decomposers:
a. rose bushes b. yeast (a fungus)
b. c. lions
d. humans
….respond to their environment.
Response to Stimuli
•
Organisms can respond to a stimulus, or a
physical or chemical change in the
internal or external environment
….maintain a stable internal environment in
a process called homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the balance between
cells and their environment.
Homeostasis
• The maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even
though environmental conditions are constantly changing, e.g.,
body temperature, water content, glucose levels
….evolve, or change, over time.
Evolution or Change Through Time
• Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time
to better adapt to changing conditions
• Charles Darwin’s SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
through the process of natural selection
Evolution of Life
• Descent with modification: process in which the inherited
characteristics within populations change over generations,
such that genetically distinct populations and new species can
develop
• Natural Selection: organisms that have certain favorable traits
are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than
organisms that lack these traits
• Adaptations: traits that improve an individual’s ability to
survive and reproduce
These characteristics of life are what tell biologists if something is living or nonliving. Remember, biology literally means “Study of life”.
Look at the images below. Each one is related to a characteristic of life. Some
images may be related to more than one characteristic of life. See if you can
match at least one characteristic of life to each image:
C.
B.
A.
D.
I.
E.
H.
G.
F.
Structure and Function
Structure and function is a central theme to the
study of biology. Each major group of organisms
has evolved its own particular body part “tool kit” –
a collection of structures that have evolved in ways
that make particular functions possible. From
capturing food to digesting it, and from reproducing
to breathing, organisms use structures that have
evolved into different forms as species have
adapted to life in different environments. The
structure of wings, for example enable birds and
insects to fly. The structures of legs enable horses
to gallop and kangaroos to hop.
Examine the figure below that shows carnivore and herbivore skulls.
Don’t forget to read the captions!
Think about your own teeth. What kinds of foods do you think human teeth are
suited for?
List at least three ways the structure of human teeth serve the function of eating
meat and plant material.
Now, last but not least apply the theme of structure and function to something
you’re very familiar with - your hands. List out all the ways you can think of that the
structure of your hands serve the function of your hands. Hint – you are a primate!
Want more? How about the whole
hierarchy of Life from the organism on……
1st Level of Organization
• Organism:
An individual living thing
that is made of cells, uses
energy, reproduces,
responds, grows, and
develops
2nd Level of Organization
• Population:
A group of organisms,
all of the same species,
which interbreed and
live in the same place at
the same time.
3rd Level of Organization
• Biological
Community:
All the populations of different
species that live in the same
place at the same time and
interact (solely biotic in terms of
composition).
4th Level of Organization
• Ecosystem:
Populations of
plants and animals that interact
with each other in a given area,
along with the abiotic
components (physical and
chemical) of that area.
[terrestrial or aquatic]
• Biosphere:
5th Level of Organization
Broadest, most inclusive
level, i.e., the thin volume
of Earth and its atmosphere
that supports life (5 to 6
miles above surface to
deepest part of the oceans)
•Earth:apple::biosphere:skin of apple
Interdependence of Organisms
• Ecology: branch of biology that studies organisms interacting
with each other and with the environment
• Ecosystems: communities of living species and their physical
environments; e.g., minerals, nutrients, water, gases, heat, etc.
THEMES IN BIOLOGY
• Diversity and Unity
• Unity in the Diversity of Life
• Three Domains of Life
• Interdependence of Organisms
• Evolution of Life
• Natural Selection
Unity in the Diversity of Life
• Genetic code: rules that govern how cells use the hereditary
information in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid – makes up our
genes or instructions for life)
• Presence of organelles: carry out all cellular activities
• “Tree of Life” – suggests all living things have descended
with modification from a single common ancestor; thus, all of
life is connected
Three Domains of Life
Our modern system of classification contains the following categories
starting with the most BROAD and ending with the most SPECIFIC
• Bacteria
• Kingdom Bacteria (Eubacteria)
• Archaea
• Kingdom Archaea (Archaebacteria)
• Eukarya
• Kingdom Animalia
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Protists
Domain Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria, Eubacteria,
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Similar species are placed together into a
common genus. Similar genera are placed
together into a common family.
To make sure that you can remember the names and
orders of this classification system, you can use the
following mnemonic:
King Philip Cried Out, “For Goodness Sake!”
In order to correctly identify each living
thing, a universally accepted scientific
name is given to each organism. The
scientific name is constructed by using
the genus name and the species name
for that organism. The scientific name
for human is Homo sapien, because we
are in the genus, Homo, and the species,
sapien. This is referred to as “binomial
nomenclature.”