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Grammar Review
Parts of Speech:
1. Noun- a person, place, thing, or idea
2. Verb- states the action or state of being
3. Adverb- modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb
Adverbs often end in –ly.
Adverbs answer the questions when?, where?, how?, or to what
extent?
4. Adjective- modifies a noun or a pronoun
Adjectives answer the questions “what kind?,” “which one?,”
or “how many?”
5. Pronoun- takes the place of a noun or a group of nouns
6. Preposition- shows the relationship between a noun in the sentence
with another noun or group of nouns. (position, location, time)
To test for common prepositions we use the plane and cloud
test.
7. Conjunction- connects words or groups of words
8. Interjection- expresses strong emotion (usually comes at the
beginning of the sentence)
Parts of the Sentence:
1. Simple Subject- the noun or pronoun that the sentence is about
2. Simple Predicate- (Verb Phrase) the action or state of being of the
subject
3. Direct Object- receives the action of an action verb (usually follows
the verb). Ex: He hit the ball.
4. Indirect Object- the noun or pronoun that answers “to whom?” or
“for whom?” about the direct object. Ex: He threw me the ball.
The indirect object always precedes the direct object in the sentence.
5. Objective Complement- a noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows
the direct object and renames it or tells what the direct object has
become.
Ex: We named him president. I call that painting beautiful. We
painted the room green.
6. Predicate Adjective- adjectives that come in the predicate after
linking verbs and modify the subject of the sentence. Ex: The room
is green.
7. Predicate Nominative- a noun or pronoun in the predicate following
a linking verb and renaming the subject. Ex: He is president.
8. Prepositional Phrase- a preposition plus a noun or pronoun that is its
object and any modifiers that function with it. Prepositional phrases
function as either adjectives or adverbs within the sentence. Ex: I
live on the corner. I want a piece of cake. We walked through the
park. Under the desk in the corner, is my dog.
9. Appositive- a noun that renames another noun. Appositives follow
the nouns they rename and are often set off by commas. A restrictive
appositive is not set off by commas, but a non-restrictive one is. My
favorite singer Bob Dylan is playing in Austin. Bob Dylan, my
favorite singer, is playing in Austin.
10. Noun of direct address- the person to whom the sentence is being
addressed. Normally set off by a comma. Ex: John, where are you
going? I am speaking to you, Lisa.
Verbals:
1. Gerund- an “ing” verb that functions as a noun. Gerunds function in
the sentence any way that a noun can function: subject, direct object,
indirect object, predicate nominative, or object of the preposition. Ex:
Running is good exercise. I like walking.
2. Participle- “ing” or “ed” (or irregular past tense) verbs that function
as adjectives. Ex: Beaten eggs are foamy. Hiking boots are
expensive.
3. Infinitive- the word “to” followed by a verb form. An infinitive
functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. To walk is fun.
Phrases:
1. Prepositional phrases- see above
2. Appositive phrase- an appositive (see above) plus any modifiers
3. Gerund phrase- gerund plus any modifiers and objects Ex: Walking
my dog is fun.
4. Participial phrase- a participle plus any modifiers or objects. The
man walking the dog is my brother.
5. Infinitive phrase – an infinitive plus any modifiers or objects. Ex:
To walk my dog is my daily chore.
Clauses:
1. Independent clause- a clause with a subject and a verb that can
stand alone as a complete sentence.
2. Dependent clause- a clause with a subject and a verb that cannot
stand alone as a complete sentence and, therefore, must be
combined with an independent clause.
 Noun clause- dependent clause that function in a sentence
any way that a noun can function. Ex: That he is an idiot is
proved every time he opens his mouth. I knew that he was
my friend.
 Adjective clause- a dependent clause that functions as an
adjective with an independent clause in a sentence. Ex: The
boy that I like is named Paul.
 Adverb clause- a dependent clause that functions as an
adverb with an independent clause in a sentence. Ex: I ran
like I was being chased by a lion. Because I was being
chased by a lion, I ran quickly.
Types of Sentences:
1. Simple sentence- one independent clause
2. Compound sentence- two or more independent clauses.
 Join with a semi-colon
or
 Join with a comma and a conjunction
3. Complex sentence- one independent plus one or more dependent clauses.
4. Compound-Complex sentence- two or more independent clauses plus
one or more dependent clauses.