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Mammalian Transport System Ch. 8 Part 1 Cardiovascular System • Transport system of the body • Carries nutrients (Glucose!) and oxygen TO the cells of the body • Carries waste products and carbon dioxide (CO2) AWAY from the cells • Transports chemical messages between cells (HORMONES) • Fights Disease (White blood cells) • Contains a variety of proteins 1. Heart (pump) 2. Blood Vessels • Arteries •arterioles • Veins •venuoles • Capillaries 3. Blood Members of the Cardiovascular System Closed, double circulation • Closed= b/c blood travels inside vessels • Double circulation • Systematic circulation • Vessels taking blood from left ventricle in heart to cells in tissue throughout the body and back to right atrium • Pulmonary circulation • Blood taken from right ventricle to lungs and back to left atrium Click here to see it in action! The Heart • Muscular (cardiac muscle) organ in chest • 2 pumps (Right and left side) • Work together to move blood all around your body • Each side has a top (Atrium) and a bottom (ventricle) • 4 chambers of heart • Heart muscles contract push blood from the heart to the blood vessels Overview of Heart (more next week) • • • • • • Right Atrium RA Right Ventricle RV Left Atrium LA Left Ventricle LV Aorta Superior/Inferior Vena Cava • Pulmonary Artery PA • Pulmonary Vein PV Things to Know • ATRIUM • Blood is ALWAYS ENTERS atrium • VENTRICALS • Blood ALWAYS LEAVES the ventricles • ARTERY • ALWAYS carries blood AWAY from heart • VEIN • ALWAYS carries blood TOWARDS the heart Anatomy of a Blood vessel • Endothelium • Squamous epithelium • Single layer • Smooth, no friction • Rests on elastic fibers • Tunica Media • Middle layer • THICKEST • Contains: • Smooth muscle • Collagen • Elastic fibers (tunica intima) • Tunica Externa • Outermost layer • Contains: • Collagen • Elastic fibers Blood Vessels • Arteries • Carry blood AWAY from heart • Veins • Carry blood back TO the heart • Capillaries • Teeny, tiny blood vessels that connect to arteries and veins • Nutrients and gas can pass through the capillaries from the blood to the cells that need them Arteries • • • • • • • • Elasticity important Arteries close to heart • Many elastic fibers in tunica media Arteries farthest from heart • Less elastic fibers in tunica media • More muscle fibers Highest pressure is in arteries Aorta (most pressure) Diameter= 2.5 cm Thickness of wall = 2 mm Arteries have mechanisms to alleviate drastic changes in pressure • Ventricle contracts (HP in artery) • Arteries widen a little @ HP • Helps decrease pressure • Ventricle relaxes (LP in artery) • Arteries recoil (narrow) at LP • Helps increase pressure slightly Capillaries • Tiny vessels • Just enough space for Red blood cells to squeeze through • Walls are one cell thick • Endothelial cells • Gaps in walls allow PLASMA to leak out into tissue spaces • Function: • deliver nutrients, hormones, and other body requirements to cells that make up tissues • remove waste products from those cells • Small size and thin walls minimize diffusion distance, enabling rapid exchange Veins • Carry low pressure blood back to the heart • Walls do NOT need to be tough or elastic • Lumen is larger than arteries, reduces friction that would slow down movement of blood • Have SEMILUNAR VALVES • One way valves that only allow blood into vein (not out) • Moves due to contractions in skeletal muscle, pushes blood up against gravity Pressure • Highest pressure in vessels when blood is leaving the heart • 120 mmHg or 16kPa • 1 mmHg = 0.13 kPa • Pressure changes in Circ. Sys. • Arteries highest blood pressure • Pressure oscillates with heart beat • Stretching & recoiling of artery walls helps smooth oscillations so pressure becomes gradually steadier the further the blood moves along the arteries (pressure slowly decreases) • Capillaries Total cross-sect. area greater than arteries that supply them • Blood pressure is less inside capillaries • Veins very low pressure • Long way from pumping effect of heart