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Transcript
The Abrahamic Faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Global Issues Mr. Joshi Teacher’s Note ► In this lesson, we’ll be looking at the religious beliefs of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. ► The population and influence of people of these faiths is immense and therefore worth studying. ► The aim of this lesson is not to convince you about the truthfulness of these beliefs, but rather to help you understand what people of these faiths believe to be true. Much of world history in the last 2000 years has been a result of these beliefs. The Levant The fertile Crescent Can you see why the Middle East was the “Crossroads of Trade”? Why might that also help to explain why religions started there? Mesopotamia EGYPT Map of the Middle East How Abraham Changed World History! ► He is considered the founding father by Jews, Christians, and Muslims! ► He began a tradition of monotheism – the idea that there is only ONE God and that one God must be obeyed by EVERYONE. He started the idea that there was only ONE TRUE WAY to God. The Sacrifice of Abraham ► According to the Jewish and Christian traditions, God called Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac to show his unwavering obedience. Abraham unhesitatingly went through the preparations, but God stopped at the last moment and allowed Abraham to sacrifice a sheep instead, having been convinced by Abraham’s obedience. ► According to Muslims, the story of Abraham’s sacrifice is the same except it is Ishmael that was almost sacrificed instead of Isaac. The meaning of Abraham for Judaism ► As recorded in the Torah, Jews believe they are the “chosen people of God” because of what God told Abraham: "Go forth from your native land and from your father's house and I will make of you a great nation. And I will bless those who bless you and curse him that curses you and all the families of the earth shall bless themselves by you." ► Thus, some Jewish people believe the land that is Israel today was given to them by God and cannot be taken or given away. The meaning of Abraham for Christians ► The sacrifice that Abraham was willing to do of his son Isaac was seen by Christians as the sacrifice Christ did for all humans. ► The “descendants” of Abraham are anyone who follows the words of the one God – connection to Abraham need only be through faith, not through blood. The meaning of Abraham for Muslims ► He is an excellent role model of complete submission of a human being to the will of God. This is the literal meaning of the word Islam. Judaism – The Torah and Talmud ► The Torah is the holiest of scriptures for Jewish people. They are referred to as “The Old Testament” by Christians and contain a history of creation (Genesis) as well as stories of ancient Hebrew rulers such as Moses and David. ► The Talmud is a collection of writings and commentary on the stories of the Torah. Moses and the 10 Commandments 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. There is no god except God. Thou shall not make sculptured images of God. Thou shall not swear falsely by the name of God. Keep the Sabbath day holy. Honor they father and mother. Thou shall not murder. Thou shall not commit adultery. Thou shall not steal. Thou shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 10. Thou shall not covet (desire) anything that is your neighbor’s. Highlights from the Life of Christ ► Born into a Jewish family (about 3 C.E.) who saw himself as Jewish throughout his life. ► Worked as a carpenter. ► Was baptized at the age of 30 by John the Baptist. ► Ministered for perhaps 3 years by seeking to persuade Jewish people to follow him. ► Arrested and crucified by Roman authorities as a troublemaker. What does “Jesus Christ” mean? ► The name "Jesus" is the English version of the Greek Ίησους (Iēsous), which itself comes from the Hebrew ( יהושעYehoshua) which means “God”. ► The name “Christ” is a title derived from the Greek Χριστός (Christós), meaning the "Anointed One," which corresponds to the Hebrew-derived “Messiah” Christian Teachings ► Primary Source – Luke 6:27-31 “Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, and pray for those who mistreat you. If anyone hits you on the cheek, let him hit the other one too; if someone takes your coat, let him have your shirt as well. Give to everyone who asks you for something, and when someone takes what is yours, do not ask for it back. Do for others just what you want them to do for you.” What do you think of this quote? Christian Beliefs about Jesus ► Jesus was virgin-born, performed miracles, and ascended to heaven after his crucifixion. Christians believe Jesus will return to Earth one day. ► Jesus is divine as the Son of God, and fulfills the prophesy of the Messiah from the Old Testament (the Torah for Jewish people). How do we know about Jesus? ► The main sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the Gospels (testimonies) of some of his followers – Luke, Matthew, and Mark. In many places, these Gospels agree, but in some instances, they do not. The Parable of the Good Samaritan ► Primary Source – Luke 10:25-37 A man once asked, "Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?" Jesus answered, "Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind.” Jesus added, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” But, the man asked, “And who is my neighbor?“ In reply Jesus said: "A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, when he fell into the hands of robbers. They stripped him of his clothes, beat him and went away, leaving him half dead. A priest happened to be going down the same road, and when he saw the man, he passed by on the other side. So too, a Levite, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. (continued on next slide) But a Samaritan, as he traveled, came where the man was; and when he saw him, he took pity on him. He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn in Jericho and took care of him. The next day he took out two silver coins and gave them to the innkeeper. 'Look after him,' he said, 'and when I return, I will reimburse you for any extra expense you may have.' Jesus asked, "Which of these three do you think was a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of robbers?“ The man replied, “The one who had mercy on him." Jesus told him, "Go and do likewise." From the New International Version of the Bible Parable of the Prodigal Son Primary Source: Luke 15:11-32 (Note: This is my paraphrase) A man had two sons. The younger of them said to his father, ‘Father, give me my share of your property.’ A few days after the father did so, the younger son gathered all of his belongings and traveled into a far country. There he wasted his money with unwise living. After he had spent everything, a severe famine began in that country and he began to be in need. The younger son worked as a laborer feeding the pigs of a farmer. Yet, his pay was little and prices for food were high. He could not find anyone to help him. The younger son thought, “How many hired servants of my father’s have bread enough to spare, and I’m dying with hunger! I will get up and go to my father, and will tell him, "Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in your sight. I am no more worthy to be called your son. Make me as one of your hired servants."‘ He went to visit his father. Parable of the Prodigal Son (cont.) But while he was still far off, his father saw him, and was moved with compassion, and ran to hug him. The younger son said to him, ‘Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in your sight. I am no longer worthy to be called your son.’ But the father said to his servants, “Bring out the best robe, and put it on him. Put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet. Bring the fattened calf, kill it, and let us eat, and celebrate; for this, my son, was dead, and is alive again. He was lost, and is found.” They began to celebrate. The man’s elder son was in the field. As he came near to the house, he heard music and dancing. He called one of the servants to him, and asked what was going on. He was told, “Your brother has come, and your father has killed the fattened calf, because he has received him back safe and healthy.” But the elder son was angry, and would not go in. The father came out, and begged him. But he answered his father, “Behold, these many years I have served you, and I never disobeyed a command of yours, but you never gave me a goat, that I might celebrate with my friends. But when this, your son, came, who has devoured your living with prostitutes, you killed the fattened calf for him.” The father said to him, “Son, you are always with me, and all that is mine is yours. But it was appropriate to celebrate and be glad, for this, your brother, was dead, and is alive again. He was lost, and is found.” Christian Behavior ► Thinking about the parables of Christ, what kind of behavior would Christ favor? Not favor? ► To what extent have humans behaved in this manner? Challenges to Monotheistic Theories of God ► Is God all knowing? If so, does God know the future? If so, is there free will? ► Is God all good? If so, why does he let bad things happen to innocent people? What should happen when religious beliefs and government laws conflict? First Case in Point: Polygamy and Underage Marriage 1st Amendment in the U.S. Constitution Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. According to the beliefs of this religious group, it is a common practice to reassign women and children to different families since they are seen as church property. Second Case in Point: Medical Procedures ► Members of the Christian Science Church believe that sickness is caused by fear, ignorance, or sin. Prayer, rather than medicine (drugs or surgery), is the choice that many members make to get better. ► Members of the Jehovah’s Witnesses interpret the Bible to say that blood is sacred and do not participate in transfusions. Third Case in Point: Free Speech/Hate Speech