Download Ecosystems - GeoScience

Ecology
Ecosystems
Daily Questions #12
SUN
To get full credit for this
DQ, you must DRAW and
color the diagram above in
order of who eats what
starting with the on the top
of your DQ.
Daily Questions #12
SUN
1
2
3
4
Daily Questions #12
SUN
1
2
3
*1. The diagram above is an example of a(n)
a. energy pyramid
b. food chain
c. food web
d. trophic level
*2. Number 1 in the diagram above is
a. a heterotroph
b. a herbivore
c. a consumer
d. a producer
4
Daily Questions #12
SUN
1
2
3
4
*3. The organism with the most energy available is
a. number 1
b. number 2
c. number 3
d. number 4
*4. In the diagram above, the energy flows from
a. eagle to grain
b. snake to rabbit
c. rabbit to snake
d. eagle to snake
Daily Questions #12
SUN
1
2
3
*1. The diagram above is an example of a(n)
a. energy pyramid
b. food chain
c. food web
d. trophic level
*2. Number 1 in the diagram above is
a. a heterotroph
b. a herbivore
c. a consumer
d. a producer
4
Daily Questions #12
SUN
1
2
3
4
*3. The organism with the most energy available is
a. number 1
b. number 2
c. number 3
d. number 4
*4. In the diagram above, the energy flows from
a. eagle to grain
b. snake to rabbit
c. rabbit to snake
d. eagle to snake
Standard 6 a, e, f (top p. 17)
• (a) Students know biodiversity is the
sum total of different kinds of organisms
and is affected by alterations of habitats.
• (e) Students know a vital part of an
ecosystem is the stability of its
producers and decomposers
• (f) Students know energy is stored and
lost and can be represented in an
energy pyramid.
Chapter 23 Section 1 (774)
Define the following key terms from chapter 23 section 1:
Ecosystem
Community
Succession
Interrelatedness (777)
Nonnative species (781)
Chapter 23 Section 1
Read Chapter 23 Section 1 and answer these review questions (this
will go on a half sheet in your notebook.
p. 781 1-7
(Homework)
Benchmark T2 Cheat Sheet
The following is what you need to put on your cheat sheet for your
in-class credit. If it is not done, it will NOT be accepted late or
allowed to make up. You will need a book and notebook. If it is
colored you will get 5 points extra credit on the assignment.
• Daily Questions, test questions (from old notebook too,
concerning waves, sound, elect/mag.)
• Parts of a wave pic(463)
• Key terms Chapter 14, section 1, section 2, and section 3.
• Key terms from chapter 15 section 1.
• The electromagnetic spectrum picture from notebook (on next
slide) show for 5 minutes.
• Key terms ch. 16 section 1
• Key terms ch. 17 section 1, section 2, section 3.
• Bar magnet picture (567)
• Key terms from packet section 1 and 2 from notebook.
• Important facts about Charles Darwin
• Finches picture from notebook. (On next slide)
Chapter 14, Light Waves
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic waves are classified by their
frequency into the electromagnetic spectrum.
T.V.
Ecosystem video 0:30-6:45
On the RIGHT hand side. Write down and answer these
questions based on the next 7 minute video.
1. What are the types of ecosystems mentioned (4 total)?
2. What are Biotic and Abiotic factors in an ecosystem?
3. What other name is used for producers?
4. What other name is used for consumers?
5. What is an example of a food chain in an African
plain?
6. What organisms grab energy in an ecosystem first?
7. How much (percent) energy is passed on to the next
trophic level of an ecosystem?
Ecosystems
• What is biodiversity?
• What two factors are
Ecosystems dependent on?
• What is an energy
pyramid?
Biodiversity = Diversity of Life
• What is an ecosystem (raise your hand and
give me your best guess answer)?
– An ecosystem occurs when all plants, animals
and micro-organisms in an area function together
with all the non-living physical factors of the
environment. (give me some examples large and
small)
– An ecosystem is DEPENDENT on its factors both
abiotic (non living) and biotic (living).
What are a few abiotic and biotic factors (raise your
hand)?
Biodiversity = Diversity of Life
• An ecosystem is made of many BIOTIC
factors.
– We can break down ecosystems into biotic parts.
• They are called PRODUCERS, PRIMARY
CONSUMERS, SECONDARY CONSUMERS and
DECOMPOSERS.
• We organize these parts into an ENERGY
PYRAMID.
Daily Questions #13
1. What does ecosystem mean? Make up a
definition based on what you think it is.
2. Put in order the following food chain: a frog, a
snake, grass, an eagle, a cricket.
3. Which of those (from question 2) is a producer?
4. Which of those is a primary consumer?
5. Which of those is a secondary consumer?
6. Which of those is a tertiary consumer?
7. Give me a definition for “decomposer”.
8. Which ecosystem would have more organisms
in it, a desert or a rainforest?
9. Why do you think that ecosystem would have
more organisms?
Energy Pyramid
EACH LEVEL IS CALLED
A TROPHIC LEVEL
PRODUCERS – PRODUCE own energy (photosynthesis).
DECOMPOSERS – BREAK DOWN DEAD THINGS.
Chapter 14, Ecology
Food chains and Food Webs
The first level is called Producers.
These organisms are usually
photosynthetic and get their energy
from the sun, they don’t feed off any
other organisms they get their
energy from water and sunlight.
Examples would be grass, plants,
photosynthetic
plankton, trees etc… They provide
energy (food) to
the first level of consumers.
PRODUCERS
Energy Pyramid
PRIMARY CONSUMERS – Herbivores. EAT Producers
PRODUCERS – PRODUCE own energy (photosynthesis).
Chapter 14, Ecology
Food chains and Food
Webs
Primary Consumers
are usually herbivores,
meaning they only eat
plants. Examples of
these could be cows,
rabbits. In most cases,
primary consumers are
small.
Energy Pyramid
TERTIARY CONSUMERS are the
“mac daddy” of that ecosystem.
For example, the great white
shark in the ocean and humans,
on land.
EACH LEVEL IS CALLED
A TROPHIC LEVEL
SECONDARY CONSUMER –
Carnivores. EAT P. Consumers
PRIMARY CONSUMERS – Herbivores. EAT Producers
PRODUCERS – PRODUCE own energy (photosynthesis).
Chapter 14, Ecology
Food chains and Food Webs
All of the other levels contain
consumers are either
carnivores (they eat meat, the
primary consumers) or
omnivores meaning they eat
both. Tertiary Consumers are
at the top of the trophic levels.
They are usually larger
predators that are either
carnivorous or omnivorous.
They pray an most other
trophic levels.
Energy Pyramid
TERTIARY CONSUMERS are the
“mac daddy” of that ecosystem.
For example, the great white
shark in the ocean and humans,
on land.
EACH LEVEL IS CALLED
A TROPHIC LEVEL
SECONDARY CONSUMER –
Carnivores. EAT P. Consumers
PRIMARY CONSUMERS – Herbivores. EAT Producers
PRODUCERS – PRODUCE own energy (photosynthesis).
DECOMPOSERS – BREAK DOWN DEAD THINGS.
Chapter 14, Ecology
Food chains and Food
Webs
Decomposers are
bacteria and/or fungus
that help break down
dead or decaying
material to be recycled
back into the energy
system.
Draw the upside down community
pyramid from page 775 of your book.
• Color this pyramid. Turn your paper “landscape” and
draw it BIG. This will be due today.
Planet Earth 2
next Rt. Hand side
Write down these questions and leave 1 line for the answers.
1. How much rain falls in the Amazon rain forest per year?
Convert that to feet. (1 meter = 3.3 feet)
2. How much of the rain fall comes from the trees themselves?
Describe how the water cycle does this.
3. The rainforest floor thrives on what?
4. Why are fungi helpful in an ecosystem?
5. How many different types of fungi are there in the tropics?
6. What is an example of an insect that eats the fungi?
7. What percent of insects live in jungles?
8. What type of fungi attack the bullet ants? What does it do?
9. Why are the corticeps important in the ecosystem of a jungle?
10. Describe the relationship between the red crab spider and the
pitcher plant.
11. How do the forest elephants get their vitamins and minerals in
the water?
Daily Questions #14
The following are test questions
Daily Questions #14
Grass
Crickets
Field Mice
Hawks
*1. For the food chain shown, which of
the following changes would have
the most severe consequences?
a. a drastic decrease in rainfall, causing drought
b. the poaching of predatory hawks by game hunters
c. the introduction of a second predator that eats field
mice
d. a parasitic infestation that reduces the cricket
population
Daily Questions #14
*2. Which of these organisms would
most likely be found at the
bottom of a biomass pyramid?
A giant squids
B sand sharks
C sea cucumbers
D green algae
Daily Questions #14
*3. A small portion of a population that
is geographically isolated from the
rest of the population runs the risk of
decreased
A genetic drift.
B mutation rate.
C natural selection.
D genetic variation.
Daily Questions #14
*4. A population of termites initially consists of
darkly colored and brightly colored
members. After several generations, the
termite population consists almost entirely
of darkly colored members because the
brightly colored termites are easier for a
predatory species of insectivores to locate.
This situation is an example of
A the evolution of a new species.
B natural selection.
C artificial selection.
D adaptive radiation.
Daily Questions #14
Grass
Crickets
Field Mice
Hawks
*1. For the food chain shown, which of
the following changes would have
the most severe consequences?
a. a drastic decrease in rainfall, causing drought
b. the poaching of predatory hawks by game hunters
c. the introduction of a second predator that eats field
mice
d. a parasitic infestation that reduces the cricket
population
Daily Questions #14
*2. Which of these organisms would
most likely be found at the
bottom of a biomass pyramid?
A giant squids
B sand sharks
C sea cucumbers
D green algae
Daily Questions #14
*3. A small portion of a population that
is geographically isolated from the
rest of the population runs the risk of
decreased
A genetic drift.
B mutation rate.
C natural selection.
D genetic variation.
Daily Questions #14
*4. A population of termites initially consists of
darkly colored and brightly colored
members. After several generations, the
termite population consists almost entirely
of darkly colored members because the
brightly colored termites are easier for a
predatory species of insectivores to locate.
This situation is an example of
A the evolution of a new species.
B natural selection.
C artificial selection.
D adaptive radiation.
Planet EARTH!
In your notebook on p.18 (or your next OPEN entry both sides blank!) Label it PLANET EARTH FOOD WEB.
On p. 19, separate your paper into four columns, (with
the pink line on top), and label the columns,
Decomposers, Producers, Primary Consumers, and
Secondary Consumers going from the left to right.
For each organism you see, you will put it in the
appropriate column, if you don’t know the name of the
organism, describe it, viz. blue bird with black spots,
brown bird with yellow long beak.
Label EVERY organism that you can as you see them.
You will CIRCLE who you believe are the Tertiary
consumers from the secondary consumers column.
Decomposers
Producers
Primary
Consumers
Secondary
Consumers
Energy Pyramid
Each LEVEL in the pyramid
stores energy. Why would the
bottom of the pyramid have the
most energy?
As you move up the pyramid,
there are less and less organisms
because there is less and less
organisms or ENERGY for them
to consume.
MUCH of the energy is LOST at
each level. Only about 10% of
energy is transferred and used by
the next consumers
Energy Pyramid
Ecosystems
• What is a food chain?
• Why is a food chain
not the best example of
predation in an ecosystem?
• What is a food web?
Food Chains/Webs
• A Food chain shows us predation, or
what eats what.
– So in a forest…
• Why is this a good model?
• Why is this a bad model?
• Because ecosystems are so
diverse, we use food WEBS.
Food chains and Food
Webs
CONSUMERS- Higher
Food
chains
are ashows
way
level
of consumers
the “top”
of thedifferent
food chain.
to show
how
Even though hawks and
levels
of
organisms
killer whales are at the top
feedof on
next.chains,
theirthe
respective
what could be up above
them even?
CONSUMERS- First
level of consumers, they
eat the producers.
PRODUCERS- usually
photosynthetic, they
create food from the sun.
Food Chains/Webs
What is
missing?
DECOMPOSERS!
What are some
examples of
decomposers?
Food chains and Food
Webs
Food webs show how
energy flows through a
particular ecosystem.
This is a marine food
web.
For the animals you
labeled on p. 19 during
the video, create a FOOD
WEB on p. 18 starting
with your
producers/decomposers
on the bottom.
Then connect all of the
animals that feed on each
other.
REMEMBER! The arrows
always point in the
direction of energy flow!
Standard 6b,c
• (b) Students know how to analyze
changes in an ecosystem resulting from
changes in climate, human activity,
introduction of nonnative species, or
changes in population size.
• (c) Students know how fluctuations in
population size in an ecosystem are
determined by the relative rates of birth,
immigration, emigration, and death.
Changes in an ecosystem
Ecosystems, like atoms (think WAY back),
BALANCED
desire to be __________?
If an ecosystem is left on its own, do you think
its tendency would be to become chaotic (out
of control), or ____________
balance itself?
There are many factors involved when an
ecosystem changes.
Ecosystems
• What 4 factors can affect
an entire ecosystem
and why?
• What 4 factors can
affect a population size?
Changes in an ecosystem
Changes in an
Ecosystem
Climate (weather)
Introduction of
nonnative species
Can effect:
-Can out-compete
native species,
causing extinction
- Migration
- Food availability
- Food web
-May be inedible
by organisms or
poisonous (plants)
-Disrupt food web
Changes in
Population size
-Over predation
on some species,
causing
extinction.
-Inbreeding
-competition
Human
activity
-Push native
species out of
habitat.
-Poison the air,
water, soil.
-Exploit species
(kill them for fur
etc.)
Changes in an ecosystem
Changes in an
Ecosystem
Climate
Birth (weather)
Rate
Introduction of
Death Rate
nonnative
species
Can effect:
-Shows
rate of
reproduction
- Migration
-Can be slowed or
- Food availability
halted by many
- Food web
factors:
food,
mates, climate etc.
-Shows
-Can
out-compete
rate of
native species,
mortality
or death
causing extinction
-Can be caused by
-Mayofbefood,
lack
inedible
by organisms
predation,
climate,
or
poisonousetc..
diseases,
(plants)
-Disrupt food web
Changes in
Immigration
Population size
-Immigration
-Over
predation
is
on some
where
species
species,
causing
enter
into a NEW
extinction.
community.
-This affects the
-Inbreeding
community being
-competition
moved INTO.
-WHY?
Human
Emmigration
activity
-Emigration
-Push
nativeis
speciesyou
where
outmove
of
habitat.
OUT
of a
community.
-Poison the air,
water, soil. affects
-Emigration
the community you
-Exploit species
are moving from.
(kill them for fur
etc.)
-WHY?
Standard 6d
• Students know how water, carbon, and
nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources
and organic matter in the ecosystem and
how oxygen cycles through
photosynthesis and respiration.
Ecosystems
• What is a “closed loop”
system?
• What does that mean to
us on Earth?
The Earth is a CLOSED LOOP
System
• In a closed loop system, no matter or
energy is CREATED or DESTROYED, it is
just recycled.
• So that means every atom on the earth
now is the same as thousands of years
ago. It has just been recycled.
Ecosystems
• Describe how carbon is
cycled through the
atmosphere.
• Why is the carbon cycle
Important?
Biogeochemical Cycles
Cycles within an ecosystem: Carbon, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, and Water.
Carbon is the 4th most abundant element in the
universe and is essential for all living beings. Carbon
is introduced through the atmosphere and through
eating.
Carbon Cycle
#1 source of carbon
is in the atmosphere
= CO2
#2 source of carbon
is in biomass
(living things,
plants/animals)
DON’T DRAW THIS ONE
Ecosystems
• Describe how Nitrogen is
cycled through the
atmosphere. Must also
include a picture.
• Why is the nitrogen cycle
Important?
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is needed
to make amino
acids in your
body. Amino
acids make
proteins which
feed your body.
1. By lightning
(attaching
nitrogen to water
molecules)
2. Nitrogen fixation
by
plants/bacteria
3. Decay and
animal waste.
Ecosystems
• Describe how water is
cycled through the
atmosphere. Must also
include a picture.
• Why is the water cycle
Important?
Biogeochemical Cycles
Cycles within an ecosystem: Carbon, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, and Water.
Water is introduced through the water cycle by
means of condensation, evaporation and run off.
PICTIONARY!
• You will be in 4 groups.
• The group with the highest points will get 5
extra bonus points on their test tomorrow!
• You will have 30 seconds to draw a picture. If
your team can guess it, you get the points
(5,10,15). If they cant, the other groups get a
chance to answer based off of your drawing.
• Everyone draws 
• 1 person needs to be the recorder in your group
with all of your names on the paper. When you
score, write how much it is worth and the
answer.
Life
Name/Organism
Producer
Prim.
Consumer
Sec.
Consumer
Decomposer