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Ecology Ecosystems Daily Questions #12 SUN To get full credit for this DQ, you must DRAW and color the diagram above in order of who eats what starting with the on the top of your DQ. Daily Questions #12 SUN 1 2 3 4 Daily Questions #12 SUN 1 2 3 *1. The diagram above is an example of a(n) a. energy pyramid b. food chain c. food web d. trophic level *2. Number 1 in the diagram above is a. a heterotroph b. a herbivore c. a consumer d. a producer 4 Daily Questions #12 SUN 1 2 3 4 *3. The organism with the most energy available is a. number 1 b. number 2 c. number 3 d. number 4 *4. In the diagram above, the energy flows from a. eagle to grain b. snake to rabbit c. rabbit to snake d. eagle to snake Daily Questions #12 SUN 1 2 3 *1. The diagram above is an example of a(n) a. energy pyramid b. food chain c. food web d. trophic level *2. Number 1 in the diagram above is a. a heterotroph b. a herbivore c. a consumer d. a producer 4 Daily Questions #12 SUN 1 2 3 4 *3. The organism with the most energy available is a. number 1 b. number 2 c. number 3 d. number 4 *4. In the diagram above, the energy flows from a. eagle to grain b. snake to rabbit c. rabbit to snake d. eagle to snake Standard 6 a, e, f (top p. 17) • (a) Students know biodiversity is the sum total of different kinds of organisms and is affected by alterations of habitats. • (e) Students know a vital part of an ecosystem is the stability of its producers and decomposers • (f) Students know energy is stored and lost and can be represented in an energy pyramid. Chapter 23 Section 1 (774) Define the following key terms from chapter 23 section 1: Ecosystem Community Succession Interrelatedness (777) Nonnative species (781) Chapter 23 Section 1 Read Chapter 23 Section 1 and answer these review questions (this will go on a half sheet in your notebook. p. 781 1-7 (Homework) Benchmark T2 Cheat Sheet The following is what you need to put on your cheat sheet for your in-class credit. If it is not done, it will NOT be accepted late or allowed to make up. You will need a book and notebook. If it is colored you will get 5 points extra credit on the assignment. • Daily Questions, test questions (from old notebook too, concerning waves, sound, elect/mag.) • Parts of a wave pic(463) • Key terms Chapter 14, section 1, section 2, and section 3. • Key terms from chapter 15 section 1. • The electromagnetic spectrum picture from notebook (on next slide) show for 5 minutes. • Key terms ch. 16 section 1 • Key terms ch. 17 section 1, section 2, section 3. • Bar magnet picture (567) • Key terms from packet section 1 and 2 from notebook. • Important facts about Charles Darwin • Finches picture from notebook. (On next slide) Chapter 14, Light Waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic waves are classified by their frequency into the electromagnetic spectrum. T.V. Ecosystem video 0:30-6:45 On the RIGHT hand side. Write down and answer these questions based on the next 7 minute video. 1. What are the types of ecosystems mentioned (4 total)? 2. What are Biotic and Abiotic factors in an ecosystem? 3. What other name is used for producers? 4. What other name is used for consumers? 5. What is an example of a food chain in an African plain? 6. What organisms grab energy in an ecosystem first? 7. How much (percent) energy is passed on to the next trophic level of an ecosystem? Ecosystems • What is biodiversity? • What two factors are Ecosystems dependent on? • What is an energy pyramid? Biodiversity = Diversity of Life • What is an ecosystem (raise your hand and give me your best guess answer)? – An ecosystem occurs when all plants, animals and micro-organisms in an area function together with all the non-living physical factors of the environment. (give me some examples large and small) – An ecosystem is DEPENDENT on its factors both abiotic (non living) and biotic (living). What are a few abiotic and biotic factors (raise your hand)? Biodiversity = Diversity of Life • An ecosystem is made of many BIOTIC factors. – We can break down ecosystems into biotic parts. • They are called PRODUCERS, PRIMARY CONSUMERS, SECONDARY CONSUMERS and DECOMPOSERS. • We organize these parts into an ENERGY PYRAMID. Daily Questions #13 1. What does ecosystem mean? Make up a definition based on what you think it is. 2. Put in order the following food chain: a frog, a snake, grass, an eagle, a cricket. 3. Which of those (from question 2) is a producer? 4. Which of those is a primary consumer? 5. Which of those is a secondary consumer? 6. Which of those is a tertiary consumer? 7. Give me a definition for “decomposer”. 8. Which ecosystem would have more organisms in it, a desert or a rainforest? 9. Why do you think that ecosystem would have more organisms? Energy Pyramid EACH LEVEL IS CALLED A TROPHIC LEVEL PRODUCERS – PRODUCE own energy (photosynthesis). DECOMPOSERS – BREAK DOWN DEAD THINGS. Chapter 14, Ecology Food chains and Food Webs The first level is called Producers. These organisms are usually photosynthetic and get their energy from the sun, they don’t feed off any other organisms they get their energy from water and sunlight. Examples would be grass, plants, photosynthetic plankton, trees etc… They provide energy (food) to the first level of consumers. PRODUCERS Energy Pyramid PRIMARY CONSUMERS – Herbivores. EAT Producers PRODUCERS – PRODUCE own energy (photosynthesis). Chapter 14, Ecology Food chains and Food Webs Primary Consumers are usually herbivores, meaning they only eat plants. Examples of these could be cows, rabbits. In most cases, primary consumers are small. Energy Pyramid TERTIARY CONSUMERS are the “mac daddy” of that ecosystem. For example, the great white shark in the ocean and humans, on land. EACH LEVEL IS CALLED A TROPHIC LEVEL SECONDARY CONSUMER – Carnivores. EAT P. Consumers PRIMARY CONSUMERS – Herbivores. EAT Producers PRODUCERS – PRODUCE own energy (photosynthesis). Chapter 14, Ecology Food chains and Food Webs All of the other levels contain consumers are either carnivores (they eat meat, the primary consumers) or omnivores meaning they eat both. Tertiary Consumers are at the top of the trophic levels. They are usually larger predators that are either carnivorous or omnivorous. They pray an most other trophic levels. Energy Pyramid TERTIARY CONSUMERS are the “mac daddy” of that ecosystem. For example, the great white shark in the ocean and humans, on land. EACH LEVEL IS CALLED A TROPHIC LEVEL SECONDARY CONSUMER – Carnivores. EAT P. Consumers PRIMARY CONSUMERS – Herbivores. EAT Producers PRODUCERS – PRODUCE own energy (photosynthesis). DECOMPOSERS – BREAK DOWN DEAD THINGS. Chapter 14, Ecology Food chains and Food Webs Decomposers are bacteria and/or fungus that help break down dead or decaying material to be recycled back into the energy system. Draw the upside down community pyramid from page 775 of your book. • Color this pyramid. Turn your paper “landscape” and draw it BIG. This will be due today. Planet Earth 2 next Rt. Hand side Write down these questions and leave 1 line for the answers. 1. How much rain falls in the Amazon rain forest per year? Convert that to feet. (1 meter = 3.3 feet) 2. How much of the rain fall comes from the trees themselves? Describe how the water cycle does this. 3. The rainforest floor thrives on what? 4. Why are fungi helpful in an ecosystem? 5. How many different types of fungi are there in the tropics? 6. What is an example of an insect that eats the fungi? 7. What percent of insects live in jungles? 8. What type of fungi attack the bullet ants? What does it do? 9. Why are the corticeps important in the ecosystem of a jungle? 10. Describe the relationship between the red crab spider and the pitcher plant. 11. How do the forest elephants get their vitamins and minerals in the water? Daily Questions #14 The following are test questions Daily Questions #14 Grass Crickets Field Mice Hawks *1. For the food chain shown, which of the following changes would have the most severe consequences? a. a drastic decrease in rainfall, causing drought b. the poaching of predatory hawks by game hunters c. the introduction of a second predator that eats field mice d. a parasitic infestation that reduces the cricket population Daily Questions #14 *2. Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the bottom of a biomass pyramid? A giant squids B sand sharks C sea cucumbers D green algae Daily Questions #14 *3. A small portion of a population that is geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased A genetic drift. B mutation rate. C natural selection. D genetic variation. Daily Questions #14 *4. A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of A the evolution of a new species. B natural selection. C artificial selection. D adaptive radiation. Daily Questions #14 Grass Crickets Field Mice Hawks *1. For the food chain shown, which of the following changes would have the most severe consequences? a. a drastic decrease in rainfall, causing drought b. the poaching of predatory hawks by game hunters c. the introduction of a second predator that eats field mice d. a parasitic infestation that reduces the cricket population Daily Questions #14 *2. Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the bottom of a biomass pyramid? A giant squids B sand sharks C sea cucumbers D green algae Daily Questions #14 *3. A small portion of a population that is geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased A genetic drift. B mutation rate. C natural selection. D genetic variation. Daily Questions #14 *4. A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of A the evolution of a new species. B natural selection. C artificial selection. D adaptive radiation. Planet EARTH! In your notebook on p.18 (or your next OPEN entry both sides blank!) Label it PLANET EARTH FOOD WEB. On p. 19, separate your paper into four columns, (with the pink line on top), and label the columns, Decomposers, Producers, Primary Consumers, and Secondary Consumers going from the left to right. For each organism you see, you will put it in the appropriate column, if you don’t know the name of the organism, describe it, viz. blue bird with black spots, brown bird with yellow long beak. Label EVERY organism that you can as you see them. You will CIRCLE who you believe are the Tertiary consumers from the secondary consumers column. Decomposers Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Energy Pyramid Each LEVEL in the pyramid stores energy. Why would the bottom of the pyramid have the most energy? As you move up the pyramid, there are less and less organisms because there is less and less organisms or ENERGY for them to consume. MUCH of the energy is LOST at each level. Only about 10% of energy is transferred and used by the next consumers Energy Pyramid Ecosystems • What is a food chain? • Why is a food chain not the best example of predation in an ecosystem? • What is a food web? Food Chains/Webs • A Food chain shows us predation, or what eats what. – So in a forest… • Why is this a good model? • Why is this a bad model? • Because ecosystems are so diverse, we use food WEBS. Food chains and Food Webs CONSUMERS- Higher Food chains are ashows way level of consumers the “top” of thedifferent food chain. to show how Even though hawks and levels of organisms killer whales are at the top feedof on next.chains, theirthe respective what could be up above them even? CONSUMERS- First level of consumers, they eat the producers. PRODUCERS- usually photosynthetic, they create food from the sun. Food Chains/Webs What is missing? DECOMPOSERS! What are some examples of decomposers? Food chains and Food Webs Food webs show how energy flows through a particular ecosystem. This is a marine food web. For the animals you labeled on p. 19 during the video, create a FOOD WEB on p. 18 starting with your producers/decomposers on the bottom. Then connect all of the animals that feed on each other. REMEMBER! The arrows always point in the direction of energy flow! Standard 6b,c • (b) Students know how to analyze changes in an ecosystem resulting from changes in climate, human activity, introduction of nonnative species, or changes in population size. • (c) Students know how fluctuations in population size in an ecosystem are determined by the relative rates of birth, immigration, emigration, and death. Changes in an ecosystem Ecosystems, like atoms (think WAY back), BALANCED desire to be __________? If an ecosystem is left on its own, do you think its tendency would be to become chaotic (out of control), or ____________ balance itself? There are many factors involved when an ecosystem changes. Ecosystems • What 4 factors can affect an entire ecosystem and why? • What 4 factors can affect a population size? Changes in an ecosystem Changes in an Ecosystem Climate (weather) Introduction of nonnative species Can effect: -Can out-compete native species, causing extinction - Migration - Food availability - Food web -May be inedible by organisms or poisonous (plants) -Disrupt food web Changes in Population size -Over predation on some species, causing extinction. -Inbreeding -competition Human activity -Push native species out of habitat. -Poison the air, water, soil. -Exploit species (kill them for fur etc.) Changes in an ecosystem Changes in an Ecosystem Climate Birth (weather) Rate Introduction of Death Rate nonnative species Can effect: -Shows rate of reproduction - Migration -Can be slowed or - Food availability halted by many - Food web factors: food, mates, climate etc. -Shows -Can out-compete rate of native species, mortality or death causing extinction -Can be caused by -Mayofbefood, lack inedible by organisms predation, climate, or poisonousetc.. diseases, (plants) -Disrupt food web Changes in Immigration Population size -Immigration -Over predation is on some where species species, causing enter into a NEW extinction. community. -This affects the -Inbreeding community being -competition moved INTO. -WHY? Human Emmigration activity -Emigration -Push nativeis speciesyou where outmove of habitat. OUT of a community. -Poison the air, water, soil. affects -Emigration the community you -Exploit species are moving from. (kill them for fur etc.) -WHY? Standard 6d • Students know how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter in the ecosystem and how oxygen cycles through photosynthesis and respiration. Ecosystems • What is a “closed loop” system? • What does that mean to us on Earth? The Earth is a CLOSED LOOP System • In a closed loop system, no matter or energy is CREATED or DESTROYED, it is just recycled. • So that means every atom on the earth now is the same as thousands of years ago. It has just been recycled. Ecosystems • Describe how carbon is cycled through the atmosphere. • Why is the carbon cycle Important? Biogeochemical Cycles Cycles within an ecosystem: Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Water. Carbon is the 4th most abundant element in the universe and is essential for all living beings. Carbon is introduced through the atmosphere and through eating. Carbon Cycle #1 source of carbon is in the atmosphere = CO2 #2 source of carbon is in biomass (living things, plants/animals) DON’T DRAW THIS ONE Ecosystems • Describe how Nitrogen is cycled through the atmosphere. Must also include a picture. • Why is the nitrogen cycle Important? Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is needed to make amino acids in your body. Amino acids make proteins which feed your body. 1. By lightning (attaching nitrogen to water molecules) 2. Nitrogen fixation by plants/bacteria 3. Decay and animal waste. Ecosystems • Describe how water is cycled through the atmosphere. Must also include a picture. • Why is the water cycle Important? Biogeochemical Cycles Cycles within an ecosystem: Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Water. Water is introduced through the water cycle by means of condensation, evaporation and run off. PICTIONARY! • You will be in 4 groups. • The group with the highest points will get 5 extra bonus points on their test tomorrow! • You will have 30 seconds to draw a picture. If your team can guess it, you get the points (5,10,15). If they cant, the other groups get a chance to answer based off of your drawing. • Everyone draws • 1 person needs to be the recorder in your group with all of your names on the paper. When you score, write how much it is worth and the answer. Life Name/Organism Producer Prim. Consumer Sec. Consumer Decomposer