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Transcript
Greek City-States 750 – 500 B.C. Polis (city-state) Polis = city + surrounding countryside Center of political, social, and religious life Acropolis – fortified part of a city, usually on a hill Agora – below acropolis, open area for market and/or assemblies Polis was made of people with a similar background and similar goals Adult men had political rights, women and children were citizens without political rights, and slaves were noncitizens Transition of Political Rule Aristocracy – wealthy land owners Tyrants – took power by force Hired soldiers to gain power Built up city-states Favored merchants and traders Democracy – rule by many Athens Oligarchy – rule by a few Sparta Sparta Southern Peloponnesus Peninsula Took over Messenians @ 740 B.C. Messenians revolted, put down by Spartans Strict military society Raised in military discipline Age 20 could get married Age 30 could vote and move out Age 60 could leave the military Women had more power than other societies Sparta (cont.) 2 kings – led army campaigns 5 ephors – elected each year, in charge of education Council of elders (2 kings, 28 citizens 60+) Assembly – voted on issues decided by the council of elders Rejected outside world’s ideas Athens Attica Peninsula Originally ruled by a king, became an oligarchy of aristocrats (archons) Tyrants – Solon (canceled debts), Pisistratus (took land from nobles and gave to poor) Assembly (Cleisthenes) – 500 male citizens, voted on laws (foundation of democracy) Classical Greece Persian Wars Ionian Greeks (Asia Minor) – revolt against Persia in 499 B.C. Darius Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.) Phiedippides Xerxes Thermopylae – Spartans Athens burned Island of Salamis Athenian Empire Delian League Defensive alliance between city states Athens led Defeated Persians Athens forced other citystates to remain in league Pericles (page 135) Assembly general from 461 to 429 B.C. Expanded democracy, gave more power to the poor Ostracism Athens Democracy, Delian League Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C.) Sparta Oligarchy, strict military Spartans attack Athens for 28 years! 430 B.C. – plague hits Athens (Pericles dies) 405 B.C. – Athenian navy destroyed at Aegospotami Athens, Sparta, and Thebes fight for control of Greece for next 70 years before being taken over by the Macedonians Daily Life in Classical Athens Male dominated (only 15% of population) Slavery common, most families owned at least one Economy based on farming and trade Grains, fruits, grapes (wine), olives (oil) Had to import most of their food Port of Piraeus and the Long Walls Daily Life (Continued) Crafts Pottery Factories for weapons Family Nuclear family Function to produce more citizens Women Took part in religious festivals, but kept out of other public life Controlled by men, could not own property Married at 14 or 15 Take care of family and house, not educated Religion Polytheistic Based on Homer’s accounts 12 main gods and goddesses living on Mt. Olympus Each polis choose one as their guardian (i.e. Athena = Athens) Gloomy afterlife (Hades) Rituals to make gods happy Festivals to honor gods Olympics Oracles – find the future from the gods (Delphi) Drama Western drama started in Greece Focus on the story, not the action Good vs. Evil, rights of the individual, human nature Dramas were told in trilogies Aeschylus (Oresteia – Agamemnon) Sophocles (Oedipus Rex) Euripides – wanted a more realistic story Dionysus – the Greek comedies Philosophy Early philosophy focused on understanding the universe Sophists – taught individuals to improve themselves (rhetoric) Socrates Socratic method – question and answers Sentenced to death for teaching youth to think for themselves Plato (student of Socrates) Looked for the ideal form The Republic Aristotle (student of Plato) Politics