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Igor Stravinsky (1882 –1971) The Firebird Class Grades for Exam #2 Average = 48 4.5 4 Number of Students 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 <30 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 Grade 60 - 69 70 - 79 80 - 100 Musical Notation lHigh or Low? lLong or Short? lLoud or Soft? lFast or Slow? lAccented Notes? Pitch - High/Low lStaff Pitch - High/Low lClef uTreble: lNotes Bass: Pitch - High/Low Pitch - High/Low Pitch - High/Low Dynamics - Loud/Soft lp lf (piano) = soft (forte) = loud lm (mezzo) = half, medium Dynamics - Loud/Soft ff f mf mp p pp fortissimo forte mezzo forte mezzo piano piano pianissimo very loud loud medium loud medium soft soft very soft Dynamics - Loud/Soft lcrescendo = gradually louder ldecrescendo or diminuendo = gradually softer Tempo - Fast/Slow lVaries from approximately 30 - 240 beats per minute Tempo - Fast/Slow Largo broad 43-47 Adagio slow 52-58 Andante medium slow 59-66 Moderato moderate 77-89 Allegro fast 106-119 Vivace lively 120-138 Tchaikovsky (1840 - 1893) Selections from Nutcracker Ballet Tempo - Fast/Slow lritardando = rit. = gradually slower laccelerando = accel. = gradually faster Duration - Long/Short lNoteheads - Whole Notes lStems lFlags lBeams lDotted Notes Rhythm lInvolves pulse, meter, tempo, and note values Meter lThe combination of strong and weak pulses form a recurring pattern known as meter. Types of Meter lDuple: ONE - two, etc. lTriple: ONE - two -three, etc. lQuadruple: ONE -two-threefour, etc. Bars or Measures lMusic is divided into bars or measures by means of vertical lines called barlines. Time Signature lA notation placed at the beginning of a composition Time Signature lIndicates the number of beats per measure and the type of note receiving the beat. Meter lUsually the first beat of each measure is the strongest. Two Terms lHemiola – Shifting of the accent pattern from what is expected. lSyncopation – Emphasis on the normally weak beats. Demo Various time signatures and meters. Melody lA group of tones sounded in sequence that together make a meaningful whole Melody lMelody is the horizontal component of music Melody lJingle Bells Harmony lResults from the simultaneous occurrence of musical tones Harmony lHarmony is the vertical component of music Chord lThree or more notes sounded simultaneously Harmony lConsonance u“Pleasing” Harmony lDissonance u“Harsh” Harmony Homophonic lOne part (usually the highest) predominates lThe purpose of the remaining parts is to provide the harmony Polyphonic lCharacterized by the interweaving of two or more melodically and rhythmically independent parts Scales lA series of tones within an octave arranged in either ascending or descending order Scales How many tones? lChinese = 5 lArabs = 17 lIndians = 22 lWestern music = 12 Chromatic Scale lConsists of all the notes on a piano (black and white) within an octave Semitone (Half Step) pitch difference or interval between any two lThe adjacent notes on a piano. Tone (Whole Step) The pitch difference or interval between any two adjacent white notes separated by a black note on the piano, or two semitones. Sharps and Flats lUsed to identify the black notes on the piano Sharps lFunction - Raises designated note by a semitone lSymbol - # lDirection - “Play the black note to the right” Flats lFunction - Lowers designated note by a semitone lSymbol - b lDirection - “Play the black note to the left” Sharps and Flats Key Signature lUsed when one or more notes are always either sharp or flat throughout a composition lPlaced on the staff at the beginning Key Signature Naturals lFunction - Cancels a flat or sharp sign lSymbol lDirection - “Play the white note instead of the black” Factor for Octaves lThe factor for octaves is 2 lHear pitch in ratios Factor for Semitones lThe 12 factor for semitones is √2 ≈ 1.059463... Intervals lUnison lOctave l11 intervals in between lTable 10.3 in text