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English ACT What are the uses of an ellipsis? • 1. Use an ellipsis to indicate that you deleted words from a quotation • 2. Use an ellipsis to omit a sentence within a quotation, use an ellipsis and a period (….) Describe colon uses. • 1. Use a colon before an explanatory list following a complete sentence. For example, “The boy had an interest in one of the following: softball, soccer, football, or basketball.” • 2. Use a colon before an independent clause that follows and explains the previous sentence • 3. Use a colon before a quotation. Patrick Henry once said: “Give me liberty or give me death.” • 4. Use a colon after the greeting in a formal letter. Dear Mr. President: What are some common uses of quotation marks? • 1. Use double quotation marks (“ “) to enclose direct quotes. Ex- Nathan Hale said, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.” • 2. Use double quotation marks to enclose titles of chapters of books, newspaper & magazine articles, short stories, songs, and poems. • 3. Use single quotation marks (‘ ‘) to set off a quotation within a quotation. Ex- Dr. Sherman said that “George Washington did not say ‘I cannot tell a lie’ although Americans enjoy believing that he did.” Discuss apostrophe uses. • 1. Use an apostrophe for contractions. Ex- has not – hasn’t • 2. Use an apostrophe to show possession with plural nouns ending in “s.” Ex- The boys’ cars Provide examples of conjunctive adverbs and transition words. • 1. Conjunctive adverbs include the following: also, besides, consequently, finally, furthermore, however, indeed, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, otherwise, similarly, specifically, then, therefore • 2 Transition words include the following: as a matter of fact, at the same time, for example, for instance, in addition, in conclusion, in fact, in the first place, on the other hand, to the contrary Describe a sentence fragment. • 1. Sentence fragments happen by treating a dependent clause or other incomplete thought as a complete sentence. This error can typically be corrected by combining it with another sentence to make a complete thought. Incorrect: Because I forgot the exam was today. Correct: I forgot the exam was today. What are some common uses of the semicolon? • 1. Semicolons are used to join independent clauses that aren’t joined by a coordinating conjunction. For example, “Susie has brown hair; Susie’s brother has red hair.” • 2. Semicolons are used to join two independent clauses connected by a conjunctive adverb or a transition word. For example, “In Washington D.C., she visited the National Archives; however, she never made it to the Smithsonian Institute.” • 3. Semicolons are used to separate items in a sequence containing internal punctuation. For example, “Our evening activities are first, cook dinner; second, eat dinner; third, exercise. What are some common uses of the comma? • 1. Commas may be used to separate the items in a sequence (three or more things). For example, “ She went to the store, dropped off the clothes at the dry cleaners, and stopped by the post office.” • 2. Use a comma along with a conjunction (and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so) to connect two independent clauses. For example, “She wanted to go to the store, but she did not have a car.” • 3. Use a comma to set off introductory elements. For example, “Driving to the grocery store, she suddenly realized that she forgot her purse.” • 4. Use a comma to set off parenthetical elements. For example, “The Statue of Liberty, which stands in New York Harbor, was a gift to the United States.” What is a slash used for in poetry? • A slash (/) is used to separate lines of poetry that are part of the text of a paper. An example would be this line of poetry: “What soft, cherubic creatures / these gentle women are / One would as soon assault a plush / or violate a star.” Describe a comma splice. • A comma splice is the use of a comma between two independent clauses. A comma splice can typically be corrected by changing the comma to a period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a dependent marker word in front of it. Incorrect: She eats an apple every day, it tastes delicious. Correct: She eats an apple every day. It tastes delicious. (or) She eats an apple every day; it tastes delicious. (or) She eats an apple every day, and it tastes delicious. (or) She eats an apple every day because it tastes delicious. (or) Because it tastes delicious, she eats an apple every day. Describe an appositive. • An appositive is a word or phrase that restates or modifies an immediately preceding noun. An appositive is often useful as a content clue for determining or refining the meaning of the word or words to which it refers. For example, “My dad, whose name is James Brown, (appositive) is a lawyer.” Describe parallelism. • When a sentence contains a series of items, all the items should be in parallel form. Keeping all phrases and clauses in the same form creates parallelism by clarifying the relationship among the parts of the sentence. Incorrect: I like running and to swim. (This sentence is not parallel; “running and “to swim” are not in the same form. Sentences can be corrected by putting both words in the same form. Correct: I like running and swimming. (Both words are now in an “-ing” form. Parallel grammatical structure is important for clear and concise sentences. Discuss uses for transitional words and phrases. • 1. To add ideas: again; furthermore; besides; too; also • 2. To compare or contrast: likewise; yet; however; although • 3. To prove: because; since; obviously • 4. To show exceptions: yet; however; occasionally • 5. To show time: soon; finally; next; then; later • 6. To show effect: consequently; thus; therefore • 7. To emphasize: obviously, certainly, indeed • 8. To give examples: for example; to demonstrate; to illustrate • 9. To conclude: thus; consequently; therfore Describe verbs ending in “ed” or “ing.” • When used as adjectives, the past participle (verb + ed) and the present participle (verb + ing) of some verbs have very different meanings. Psychological verbs (interest bore, amuse, etc.) describe emotions or moods. When their participles are used as adjectives, they follow the rules below. The past participle (verb + ed) describes the person’s mental state or inner feelings: the tired student. The present participle (verb + ing) describes the person or thing which causes the mental state or feelings: the tiring exercises or the tiring speaker. • The most common psychological verbs are: amuse, disappoint, flatter, overwhelm, annoy, disgust, frighten, reassure, bore, encourage, horrify, satisfy, charm, excite, inspire, surprise, confuse, fascinate, interest. When the participles of action verbs (burn, blow, melt, etc.) are used as adjectives, they follow the rules below. The past participle (verb + ed) indicates a completed action – melted snow. The present participle (verb + ing) emphasizes an ongoing process – melting snow. Action completed: blown hair, boiled water. Ongoing process: blowing hair, boiling water. Discuss active vs. passive verbs. • In an active voice sentence, the subject is the actor. In a passive voice sentence, the opposite is true: the subject is the receiver or the object of the action. Examples: Active voice: Mary rocked the baby. Passive voice: The baby was rocked by Mary. • Only transitive verbs use the passive voice. • The passive voice is formed by using be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) + past pariticiple • In writing, always try to use the active voice. Use the passive voice sparingly; overuse of the passive voice causes a weak writing style. Discuss the importance of simplicity in writing. • You should never choose a longer, more complicated, or wordier replacement if a simple one will do. When a point can be made with fewer words, choose that answer. • However, never sacrifice the flow of text for simplicity. If an answer is simple, but does not make sense, then it is not correct. • Omit any words that pointlessly repeat information that is already given. • Beware of added phrases that don’t add anything of meaning.