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Name __________________________________ Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking 16.2 Geology: Period _____ Date ____________ Seat _______ The study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth. 1726-1797 Paleontology: The study of fossils of organisms that lived very long ago (prehistoric). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The founder of modern geology. Deep Time: The Earth’s history is so long (millions of years) that it is difficult to imagine. First hominids Age of mammals James Hutton 1797-1875 O-S Line: Global cooling due rise of nonvascular plants (mosses, liverworts) Late Devonian: Global cooling due to rise of vascular plants. P-T Line: Largest extinction (90% of life). Unknown cause (volcanism or asteroid most likely) J-T Line: Volcanism causing global warming. K-T Line: Asteroid (Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula crater) The geologic processes in the past work like the geologic processes of today. “The present is the key to the past.” First apes Asteroid Age of Dinosaurs Charles Lyell Unknown River Valley Mountain Fault Age of fish Vocano Plain Dike Magma Chamber The oldest layers are at the __________________ bottom and the youngest layers are on the ____________________. top younger Crosscutting events (faults, dikes) are ___________________ than the layers they cut through. 1 Name __________________________________ Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking 16.2 Period _____ Date ____________ Seat _______ Thomas Malthus: An economist who wrote about change in human populations. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: His hypothesis of how evolution works consisted of two ideas. I need a longer neck. 1766-1834 1744-1829 Idea 1: Law of Acquired Characteristics. Organisms are born with a desire to become better. Lamarck Individuals can evolve No competition needed Darwin Populations evolve Competition required More people are born than die which leads to overcrowding. Cholera outbreak in London Soho Overcrowding results in district 1854. Competing hypotheses: Miasma (Stinky air) vs o War Waterborne. Outbreak was due to raw sewage from open sewers being o Disease (Cholera) dumped into the river Thames (pronounced Tems). o Starvation Idea 2: Inheritance of Acquired Traits. Acquired traits could be passed on to offspring. Artificial Selection: The selective breeding of plants and animals to promote desirable traits in offspring. 2 Wolf Same species but of different varieties (breeds)