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1/4 Structure and Function of the Heart Inquiry into Life – pg. 220-226 Today’s Objectives: Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the heart, including: Identify and give functions (including direction of blood flow) for the major structures of the heart Recognize heart structures using both internal and extrenal diagram views Analyse the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure, including: Describe the location and functions of the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and Purkinje fibres Describe how the autonomic nervous system increases and decreases heart rate and blood pressure Differentiate between systolic and diastolic pressures Describe hypertension and hypotension and their causes Demonstrate the measurement of blood pressure Parts of the Heart Left and Right ________ – Collecting Chambers Right: collects blood from ________ _______ Left: Collects blood from ____________ ________ Left and Right ______________ – Pumps Right: Sends blood to the lungs via the _____________ _________ Left: Sends blood to the body via the ________ _________________ Valves Valves between the atria and ventricles Prevent backflow of blood Right side valve called “____________ _________” Has three cusps, or flaps Also called right atrioventricular valve Left side valve called “____________ ________” Has two cusps, or flaps Also know as the mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve ____________ ____________ Strong, fibrous __________ that support the ______ _________ Keep the flaps from inverting with the force of blood flow ________-_______ Valves (no chordae tendonae) Between ventricles and the Aorta (Aortic Valve) Between the ventricles and the Pulmonary Trunk (Pulmonary Valve) ______________ _________ Branches off to form the ______________ _______ Receives blood from the ________ ___________ __________ (Ventricular Septum) The wall of the Heart 2/4 _____________ the left and right sides of the Heart Cardiac Cycle and Intrinsic Beat Contraction of the Heart is a two step process: __________ – Contraction of the Heart __________ – Relaxation of the Heart Each heart beat (Cardiac Cycle) consists of: TIME ATRIA VENTRICLES _____ Sec _____ Sec _____ Sec _____ Sec Average time of ____________________ Cardiac Cycle ______ ____________ have a stronger and longer contraction because blood must be ___________ throughout the _______ The “lub-dup” sound of the heart is due to the closing of the ________: first the atrioventricular, then the semi-lunar The beat of the heart is said to be ___________, meaning it will beat without any __________ __________ stimulation It can be removed from the body and still continue beating!) The beat is controlled by a special type of tissue called _________ __________, which has both muscular and nervous tissue characteristics Nodal Tissue There are two locations of Nodal Tissue in the Heart: 1) ___ ________ (Sinoatrial Node) Found in the upper wall of the right atrium 2) ___ ________ (Atrioventricular Node) Found at the bottom of the right atrium near the Septum The SA Node (also called the _____________) initiates the heartbeat and sends out an excitation impulses every 0.85 seconds. The impulse causes both _________ to contract. The impulses are sent to the AV Node Via the _______________. When the impulse reaches the AV Node, an impulse is sent from the AV Node, down the ___________________ causing both ____________ to contract. Electrocardiograms (EKG) An __________________ registers the ___________ _________ across the surface of the heart as it beats. The letters __________ are the standard labels used to identify the parts of the EKG 3/4 The _________ records the simultaneous contraction of the atria as they drive the blood out into their ventricles The ________ is the contraction of the ventricles as they drive the blood out into their respective arteries The ___ marks the recovery of the Ventricles (restoration of the normal electrical condition, preparing them for the next contraction) Autonomic Control of the Heart The rate of the heart can also be controlled by the __________ _________ The heart rate center is located in the __________ _____________ of the brain. The SA Node is connected to the brain by the ________ ________ (cranial nerve #10) This nerve pathway is called the ____________ _________ ___________ (not under conscious control) Has two systems that affect the Heart Rate: ________________ System – causes the heart beat to slow down ____________ System – causes the heart beat to increase during times of stress Autonomic Nervous System Factors such as a need for ___________ or the ________ __________ level determine which of those systems become active When the brain perceives that the blood is getting delivered to the tissues too slowly, or if blood pressure is low, the brain will signal the SA Node to speed up its contraction. Blood Pressure Ventricles pump a volume of blood (approx _______) each time they contract Must have elastic, expandable walls The force of blood against the blood vessel walls is known as ________ ____________ Blood Pressure is not constant The term __________ ___________ (or Systole) refers to the blood pressure when the ventricles contract The term __________ ___________ (Diastole) refers to the blood pressure when the heart is at rest 4/4 Pulse As blood is pumped through the arteries, the arterial walls _______, then _______ This swelling can be felt in any artery that runs close to the surface Blood pressure is normally measured along the __________ ________ of the arm A reading of ________ is quite normal 120 - Systolic reading as ventricles contract 80 – Diastolic reading as the heart relaxes Blood Pressure Changes A number of things can affect the blood pressure: _________________: High Blood Pressure Example: 140/90 or 125/90 Diet and Lifestyle are often to blame for elevated blood pressure Reasons for Hypertension: _________ __________ – formed by fatty acid deposits from digested foods; line the walls of the arteries, making the radius smaller, thereby raising blood pressure, (Arteriosclerosis, Stroke, Heart Attack) High ___ Intake – retains water – greater fluid volume leads to greater volume of blood ____________ ____________ Lack of ___________ ______ – amount of food and type __________ too hard _________________ ________________: Low Blood Pressure Low Blood Pressure Blood does not reach all organs Example: 110/70 Reasons for Hypotension: _______ or amputated limbs _______ ____________ Effects of Blood Pressure Change Proper ___________ function can only be maintained if there is a sufficient pressure for _____________ Luckily, the body can adjust blood pressure Monitored by the _______________ (part of the brain), the body can _______ (widen) arterioles thus lower blood pressure in them, or ___________ (narrow) them to raise the blood pressure