Download Scope of Biology

MEDICAL BIOLOGY AND
GENETICS I
Dr. Mehmet Ozdemir
COURSE EVALUATION
CRITERIA
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Method
Quantity
Participation
1
Quiz
2
Midterm Exam(s)
1
Laboratory
1
Lab/Practical Exam(s) 1
Final Exam
1
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Percentage (%)
5
5
30
5
10
40
100
Examinations:
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Essay Questions
True-False
Fill in the Blank
Multiple Choices
Short Answers
Matching
First Topic :
Historical Concept and Development of
Organisms/Scope of Biology/ Classification/The
Medical Importance of the Six Kingdoms of
Living Organisms
What is Biology
Biology - The study of Life
Biology is a branch of science, which
deals with the study of life.
It is concerned with the study of living
organisms, which are immeasurably
diverse and complex than the non-living
matter. Hence, biology is also described
as life science or natural science
Development
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Is the process through which an embryo
becomes an adult organism and eventually
dies.
Or
The progressive changes in size, shape, and
function during the life of an organism by
which its genetic potentials(genotype)are
translated into functioning mature
systems(phenotype)
Video Presentation
Organization of Life
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Atom- smallest unit of matter that maintains the properties of an element
Molecule- group of atoms held together by covalent bonds; make up cells
Organelle
Cells- living thing that has a membrane to keep it apart from others; makes
up tissues
Tissues- material which organs are made of
Organs- a group of assorted tissues which makes up the organ system and
performs bodily functions
Organ System- the processes which allow an organism and its related parts
to function properly
Organism- one individual, one body of the population
Population- all organisms of one particular species in a community
Community- all living organisms in a certain ecosystem that interact
Ecosystem- all biotic and abiotic factors in a certain area
Biosphere- all the ecosystems on earth
Characteristics of Life
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Each individual living thing is called an
organism. All organisms have the following
characteristics.
1-Living things are highly organized and
contain many complex chemical substances.
2-Living things are made up of one or more
cells
Characteristics of Life
3-Living things use energy
4-Living things have a limited life span
5-Living things grow (Growth)
6-Living things respond to changes in the
environment
7-Living things reproduce (Recroduction)
8-Living things respire (Respiration
9-Living things excrete (Excretion)
10-Living things feed (Feeding)
Characteristics of living things:
Change in position by the action of muscles in
animals, and slow growth movements in plants
Movement
process by which living cells release
Respiration The
energy from organic molecules
The ability to detect and respond to changes
Sensitivity
in the environment either inside or outside
the organism
Growth
Increase in size and mass
Creation of new organisms that are
Reproduction the same species as the parents
Removal of wastes from the organism’s body.
Excretion
Supplies an organism with the food it
Nutrition
needs to respire, grow, repair and
reproduce.
The Life Processes
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Living things carry on certain activities that are
also characteristics of life. We will briefly
describe the function or processes that
organisms perform in order to stay alive.These
life processes are
Nutrition
Transport
Respiration
Synthesis and Assimilation
Growth
The Life Processes
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Excretion
Regulation
Reproduction
Metabolism
Nutrition
-Organisms feed is called nutrition
There are two types of nutrition
a-Autotrophic nutrition.
Autotrophic organisms can make their own food.
For example: green plants(Photosynthesis)
b-Heterotrophic nutrition
Heterotrophic organisms obtain food from the
bodies of other organisms.
-Carnivors,such as cats and foxes,eat the flesh
of animal
-Herbivores, such as horses and rabbits, eat
plants
-Omnivors, such as human, eat both plants and
animals
-Parasites, such as fleas and tapeworms,
live on or another living organism(host)
Metabolism
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All the chemical reaction occurring within
the cells of an organism are called its
metabolism.
There are two different types of
metabolism:
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Catabolism (breaking down): is a process in
which complex substances are broken down
into simpler ones, resulting in the release of
energy. Respiration is an important example of
catabolism in living things.
Anabolism (Building up): is a process in which
simple raw materials are used to build up
complex compounds. This type of reaction
requires a supply of energy
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Examples of anabolism are Photosynthesis, and
all cases of growth and repair in the bodies of
organisms.
Both catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic
(building up) processes occur in living things.
i.e. All living things born, grow, develop,
reproduce, and dies. This process is called Life
cycle.
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Respiration
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All the life processes require a constant supply
of energy. Organisms obtain their energy by
releasing the chemical energy stored in certain
nutrients. The process by which this is
accomplished is called respiration.
Respiration involves a complex series of
chemical reactions.
There are two types
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Aerobic respiration (It requires oxygen from the air)
Anaerobic respiration( It does not requires oxygen)
Growth
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Growth is the process by which living
organism increase in size.
Excretion:
The removal of waste substances from the
body is called excretion.
Reproduction
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Reproduction is the process by which living
organism produce new organisms of their own
kind. Unlike the other life processes,
reproduction is not necessary for the continued
life of an individual organism. However, it is
necessary for the continued existence of that
kind of organisms.
There are two types of reproduction.
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Asexual reproduction( only one parent and all offspring are
identical to the parent.)
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Sexual reproduction(two parents and offspring are not identical
to either parent)
Homework
Regulation
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Homeostasis
Classification of Living Things
Diversity of Life
Classification of Living Things
Diversity of Life
What is classification?
 Classification is the grouping of things
according to characteristics
 The branch of biology that deals with
classification and naming of living things
is taxonomy.
WHY CLASSIFY?
 In
order to more easily study the
unity and diversity of living organisms
in an organized manner, biologists
classify organisms
 This means that they group
organisms together based on their
common characteristics
 Physical structure is often the primary
basis for biological classification
BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
 Carolus
Linneaus devised binomial
nomenclature
 (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
 ex. scientific name of humans .....
Homo sapiens
 Homo is the genus name ....
sapiens is the species name
 Both
have to be printed in italics or
MODERN CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM:
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KINGDOM
PHYLLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
KINGDOMS:
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The 5 Kingdom System is based
on the following criteria:
1. Presence or absence of a
nuclear membrane
2. Unicellularity versus
multicellularity
3. Type of nutrition
Living Thinks
Questions
 What is classification?
 Why is classifying living things
important?
 What is taxonomy?
 Describe binomial
nomenclature.
Monera
Monera are single-celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus.
Bacteria make up the entire kingdom. There are more forms of
bacteria than any other organism on Earth. Some bacteria are
beneficial to us, such as the ones found in yogurt. Others can
cause us to get sick.
Three basic types of bacteria
Three basic types of bacteria
CoccusBaccillusSpirillum-
Structure of Bacteria
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Bacterial cells, like plant cells, are
surrounded by a cell wall. However,
bacterial cells walls are made up of
polysaccharide chains linked to amino
acids, While plant cell walls are made up
of…………………….
Many bacteria secrete a slimy capsule
around the outside of the cell wall. The
capsule provides additional protection for
the cell
Structure of Bacteria
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Inside the cell wall and capsule is the cell
membrane.
Cytoplasm (ribosomes and DNA)
Some of the bacteria have flagella which
are used for locomotion in water.
Life function of bacteria
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Most bacteria are heterotrophic as
Saprobes :
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Do not cause disease. why?
Parasites:
Live on or living organisms, and may cause
disease.
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Life function of bacteria
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A few bacteria are autotrophic which are
either photosynthetic or chemosynthetic.
Photosynthetic…………
Chemosynthetic bacteria obtain energy by
oxidizing inorganic substances such as
compounds of iron or sulfur, nitrites, and
ammonia. The energy is used for the
synthesis of organic compounds from carbon
dioxide.
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Bacteria generally reproduce asexually by
binary fission. The genetic material
replicates, and the parent cell divides in two
equal daughter cells.
A few bacteria reproduce sexually like
conjugation which are transfer of
chromosomes or chromosomal parts does
occur occasionally
Small
group of bacteria are
harmful but generally bacteria
are benefit (useful).
Useful bacteria are used in the
production of yoghurt and
cheese.
Most bacteria are harmless,
and , in fact, are necessary for
the continuance of life. Why?
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The bacteria of decay break down the tissues
of dead animals and plants, and return
oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sulfur to the air, soil and water. These
elements can then be used by other living
things. The role of bacteria in the recycling
of materials.
 Some
bacteria cause
diseases. This type of
bacteria is called
phatogenic bacteria.
 Phatogenic bacteria cause
disease such as
tuberculosis, cholera,
diptheria, pneumonia,
typhoid and teeth decay.
Kingdom Protista
Characteristics of Protists
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Mainly unicellular or very simple multicellular
They are eukaryotic, which means they have
a nucleus.
Most have mitochondria.
They can be parasites.
They all prefer aquatic or moist
environments.
Examples of protists include some algae,
paramecium, and amoeba.
Classification of Protists
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For classification, the protists are divided
into three groups:
Animal-like protists, which are
heterotrophs and have the ability to move.
Plant-like protists, which are autotrophs
that photosynthesize.
Fungi-like protists, which are
heterotrophs, and they have cells with cell
walls and reproduce by forming spores.
Ex: Euglena
Euglena likes animals
because it can move. It also
likes plants because it has
chloroplast in its structure.
KINGDOM FUNGI 
*multicellular
*have nuclei
*mainly do not move from place to place
*heterotrophic (food is digested outside of
fungus)
*examples - They include mushrooms,
molds, and yeasts
 Reproduce
by budding and
spores.
 Most fungi grow best in warm,
moist places.
 They may be microscopic or large
multicellular organism.
 They cause diseases in plants and
animals especially they irritate
our skin.
but some are useful,
used in the production of
cheese,wine and beer
 Mushroom is a food source.
 Decompose dead organism and help
recycling of nutrients.
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of some medicines
especially antibiotics for
example;penicillin
 Production
KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants) 
*multicellular
*have nuclei
*do not move
*autotrophic
*examples - multicellular algae, mosses,
ferns, flowering plants (dandelions, roses,
etc.), trees, etc
Plants
Plants contain chlorophyll, a green pigment necessary for
photosynthesis, a process in which plants convert energy from
sunlight into food. Their cell walls are made sturdy by a material
called cellulose, and they are fixed in one place. Plants are
divided into two groups: flower- and fruit-producing plants and
those that don’t produce flowers or fruits. They include garden
flowers, agricultural crops, grasses, shrubs, ferns, mosses, and
conifers.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals
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*multicellular
*have nuclei
*do move
*heterotrophic
* They are divided into vertebrates and
invertebrates and include mammals,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and fish.