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Dental Prophylaxis Small animals- scaling away of tartar from the teeth. Dental “__________” Horses- teeth are “___________”, which reduces points on buccal and lingual edges of teeth. Salivary glands - saliva helps with evaporative _________, __________, and ___________; usually three pairs with ducts to oral cavity _________ salivary glands ventral to ear canals __________salivary glands ventral to parotid glands at the caudal angle of the mandible ____________ salivary glands medial to the shafts of the mandible just under the base of the tongue SALIVARY GLANDS • Muscular tube that extends from _________to the __________ and is located DORSAL to the trachea. Transports swallowed material to the stomach; No significant digestion takes place • Enters __________ of stomach at an angle. • As stomach fills, fold of stomach closes lower end of esophagus • Reduces risk for reflux • In some species, closure is strong enough to prevent reflux or vomiting (horse, rabbit) Esophagus Megaesophagus Loss of muscle tone causing _________ of the esophagus Causes esophagus to relax Food accumulates in the esophagus instead of being transported to stomach. Animal _________________ undigested food. How do we treat? Feed liquid based diet Feed on an elevated surface Holding animal up and allowing gravity to pull food down to stomach. *Can lead to aspiration pneumonia. Monogastric (Simple) Stomach 1. ___________- area immediately surrounding the opening from the esophagus into the stomach - Cardiac sphincter helps to prevent reflux 2. 3. _________- distensible blind pouch; expands as more food is swallowed; rich with glands _________ – distensible middle section; rich with glands Monogastric (Simple) Stomach 4. _________ ___________- distal portion that grinds up swallowed food and regulates the HCl produced in the body and fundus Pylorus is a sphincter that regulates movement of digested stomach contents (chyme) from stomach to duodenum. Prevents backflow of duodenal contents into the stomach. Remains partially open. _________ curvature- outer portion of C-shaped stomach _________ curvature- inner portion of C-shaped stomach Gastric Motility __________________ reflex- prevents stomach from sending its’ contents into the duodenum before the intestines are ready. _______________________ hormone released when there is excess HCl in the small intestines. Slows stomach emptying. Empty _______________________ (CCK) hormone released when there are large amounts of fat or protein in the small intestines. Slows stomach emptying. Full Gastric Glands- see chart/picture** FUNDUS & BODY: Both areas where rugae are rich with glands containing the following cells: __________ cells Produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) __________ cells Produce pepsinogen, an enzyme precursor to pepsin __________ cells Produce a protective mucus PYLORIC ANTRUM ____ cells Endocrine cells that secrete the hormone gastrin into the blood when food is present Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells to release HCl __________ cells Gastric Ulcers Deep erosions of the stomach’s epithelium Rugae- long folds in the stomach. Ruminants and Complex Stomachs Only have one true stomach (abomasum), and 3 forestomachs (reticulum, rumen, and omasum). RUMINATION: ____________ food ____________ it _______ it some more ____________it again Reticulum Smallest and most cranial compartment. _____________ arrangement to increase absorption. Wall is continuous with the rumen Rumen and Reticulum work together and produce Reticulorumen contractions. ___________ disease is associated with the reticulum. Rumen Reticuloruminal contractions allow: Regurgitation of partially-digested plant food (cud) to take place ______________: expulsion of built up carbon dioxide or methane gas If build up continues, may cause _________. Contains billions of microbes for __________________. Microbes contain enzymes (____________ and ____________) that allow the ruminant to digest cellulose and protein. Cellulose and protein are broken down and converted into VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS, which the animal can use for glucose and fat (energy sources). Omasum Muscular with interior full of parallel, longitudinal muscular folds. ________ VFA’s (that weren’t already absorbed in rumen) and water from ingesta Removes _______________ (to preserve the pH of the abomasum). Abomasum • “_______ __________”; functions very similar to that of mongastric stomach. • Only ______________ part of the stomach. • Contains enzymes called __________ that break down microbes “flushed out” from the rumen Young Ruminant Digestive Tract Newborn’s stomach functions mainly as a monogastric digestive system. ______________ is the largest chamber in a newborn Rumen and reticulum are small and non-functional at birth (minimal _________). Development of rumen and reticulum is dependent on rate of diet change to grain. Milk in rumen can disrupt fermentation process so is carried directly to omasum. ____________ groove (_______________ groove)- allows liquids to be carried from esophagus directly to omasum, bypassing rumen and reticulum. As animal ages, groove disappears. Where majority of nutrients are ______________ into the bloodstream. Same anatomy for monogastrics and ruminants Divided into: ______________ Short, first segment that leaves stomach. Pancreas is nearby. ______________ Longest portion, makes up majority of small intestines. Large amount of mesentery found here. ______________ Short section that enters the colon (large intestine). Leads directly to cecum. Small Intestines Small Intestinal Wall Mucosa – increased surface area due to many villi Each villus contains thousands of ___________ (brush border) Microvilli have both digestive enzymes and carrier molecules for nutrients, vitamins, and minerals embedded in cell membranes _______- invaginations of mucosa around each villus. New cells are produced and pushed from bottom of crypt to replace cells of villus Goblet cells present. Mucus helps with flow of ingesta. Small Intestine Digestion _____________, _____________, _____________ Absorbed intact across SI wall _____________, _____________, _____________ Chemically digested via enzymes in the lumen and enzymes on the microvilli b/c they are too large to pass through the mucous membrane See charts provided* Small intestine Motility Cholecystokinin (CCK) Fats/protein in the intestine stimulate the mucosa to release CCK, which increases intestinal motility (opposite of the effect on the stomach) Segmental contractions slow the movement of ingesta to allow time for it to be both mixed with intestinal enzymes and absorbed through the intestinal wall. Many times diarrhea is caused not due to increased peristalsis, but lack of segmental contractions. Species variation in structure Components 1. ___________ - blind sac 2. ___________ 3. ___________ Primary functions : Store feces Recover fluid and electrolytes Hindgut fermentation (non ruminant herbivores) Large Intestine Large Intestines ______________: simple, tubular colon; poorly developed cecum ____________ _____________: very large colon and cecum (hindgut) Fermentation site Modifications of cecum and colon allow fermentative digestion in hindgut (similar to rumen) VFA’s (produced by microbes) absorbed from cecum and colon for energy needs (similar to rumen) Consists of 4 sections: Cecum, Ventral colon, Dorsal colon, Small colon Cecum is composed of: Base, Main body, Apex Cecum and dorsal and ventral colons have longitudinal bands that separate the structure into a series of sacs called ________ The role of the small colon is to absorb electrolytes, water, and any VFA’s that were not previously absorbed. Horse Hindgut Terminal portion of the large intestine; an extension of colon Rectum Capable of more expansion than colon Mucus-secreting glands ___________ feces to aid their passage Has sensory receptors that detect stretching or distention and stimulates defecation response. Internal sphincter under __________ control External sphincters under ____________ control Stretching of receptors increase the sensation or need for defecation Surgery or disease in anal region can damage sphincter muscles and nerves, causing incontinence Anus Nervous System and the GI tract SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE: Dry mouth Decreased GI motility Decreased GI blood flow Decreased secretions Increased tone of external anal sphincter PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE: Salivation Increased GI motility Increased GI blood flow Increased secretions Decreased tone of external anal sphincter Liver’s Role in the GI Tract Filters blood from the GI tract before it enters the systemic circulation. This is known as the hepatic portal system. Glucose absorbed by the GI tract can be stored in the liver as _____________ (glycogenesis). When glucose is needed in the blood, glycogen is broken down by the liver (glycogenolysis). _____________________ is the process of glucose being made in the liver by using amino acids. Major source of blood __________ Albumin Gallbladder The liver produces _______ which contains bile acids, cholesterol, and bilirubin Bile is secreted into the hepatic and cystic ducts, which lead to the ____________for storage (not horse) The gallbladder stores bile until it is stimulated by CCK (due to fat in SI), causing it to contract. Contraction forces bile down the common bile duct into the duodenum, where it aids in the digestion of fat. Pancreas’ Role in the GI Tract Exocrine functions: Produces _________, _________, ___________ Secretes _____________ (HCO3-)into duodenum to neutralize the acidity of stomach contents • Endocrine functions: Produces ___________ & _________ Insulin decreases levels of blood glucose Glucagon increases levels of blood glucose