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Transcript
Cardiovascular Structure and Function Pathology 2 - Dr. Gary Mumaugh Circulatory System - Heart Right heart o Pulmonary circulation - Pumps blood through the lungs Left heart o Systemic circulation - Pumps blood through the body Mediastinum Heart wall o Pericardium Parietal and visceral Pericardial cavity and fluid o Myocardium o Endocardium 1 The Valves of the Heart Atrioventricular valves: o Tricuspid valve o Mitral valve Semilunar valves: o Pulmonic semilunar valve o Aortic semilunar valve The Great Vessels Superior and inferior venae cavae Pulmonary artery (trunk) o Right and left pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Aorta 2 The Coronary Vessels Right coronary artery o Right marginal branch o Posterior descending branch Left coronary artery o Left anterior descending artery o Circumflex artery The Coronary Vessels Coronary capillaries Coronary veins: o Coronary sinus o Great cardiac vein o Posterior vein of the left ventricle Coronary lymphatic vessels Structures That Control Heart Action Cardiac action potentials Conduction system o Sinoatrial node (SA) o Atrioventricular node (AV) o Bundle of His (AV bundle) o Right and left bundle branches o Purkinje fibers 3 Structures That Control Heart Action Propagation of cardiac action potentials o Resting membrane potential o Depolarization o Repolarization o Hyperpolarization o Refractory period Electrocardiogram Automaticity Rhythmicity Structures That Control Heart Action Cardiac innervation o Sympathetic nerves o Parasympathetic nerves Adrenergic receptor function o Beta-adrenergic receptors o Norepinephrine or epinephrine Cardiac Performance Cardiac output o Preload Left ventricular end-diastolic volume Laplace law Frank-Starling law of the heart o Afterload Load muscle must move after it starts to contract Determined by system vascular resistance in aorta, arteries, and arterioles Heart rate Cardiovascular control center o Cardioexcitatory and cardioinhibitory centers Neural reflexes o Bainbridge and baroreceptor reflexes Atrial receptors Hormones and biochemicals 4 Cardiac Performance Myocardial contractility o Stroke volume o Inotropic agents o Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels Cardiac output o Volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or pulmonary circuit in liters per minute Ejection fraction 5 Systemic Circulation Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Structure of Blood Vessels Lumen Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa (adventitia) Factors Affecting Blood Flow Pressure o Force exerted on a liquid per unit area Resistance o Opposition to force o Diameter and length of the blood vessels contribute to resistance Poiseuille law Factors Affecting Blood Flow Neural control of total peripheral resistance o Change in diameter of the vessels o Baroreceptors o Arterial chemoreceptors Velocity Laminar vs. turbulent flow Vascular compliance Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow 6 Regulation of Blood Pressure Arterial pressure o Mean arterial pressure (MAP) o Effects of cardiac output o Effects of total peripheral resistance o Effect of hyperemia o Effects of hormones Epinephrine and norepinephrine Antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin system, and natriuretic peptides Regulation of Blood Pressure Adrenomedullin Insulin Venous pressure Regulation of Coronary Circulation Coronary perfusion pressure Autoregulation Autonomic regulation 7 Lymphatic System Special vascular system that picks up excess fluid and returns it to the bloodstream Lymphatic fluid Lymphatic veins and venules Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels 8