Download Unit 2 Study Guide - Madison County Schools

Classification - Study Guide KEY
History of classification
 Aristotle
1. What major role did he play in the classification of organisms?
First person to classify living organisms
2. What did he use in his classification system?
Morphological characteristics (In other words, the way things looked).
3. What were the shortcomings of his classification system?
Common names with long descriptions
Only had 2 categories (plants and animals)

Linnaeus
1. What major role did he play in the classification of organisms?
Father of modern Taxonomy. He began to use the same system of classification that we use
today (although he only had 5 taxons, and we now have 8).
2. What type of naming system did he use?
Binomial nomenclature
Binomical nomenclature
1. What is it?
2-name naming system used to name/classify species no matter where they are discovered
2. What 2 levels of classification are used in naming organisms using it?
Genus and species
3. How are the names written? (What are the guidelines for writing scientific names using
binomial nomenclature?)
Genus species
Genus first with first letter capitalized, species second not capitalized, italicized (or
underlined)
4. What language is used and why?
Latin
It is a “dead” language (no longer spoken). This means that there will be no “slang”
meanings for words used to name species
The language is universal so a species can be identified the same way no matter where it is
discovered.
Taxonomy
1. Define taxonomy Science of classifying organisms
Eight levels of classification
1. What are the levels of classification in order from most general to most specific?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
2. What is your saying for remembering this order? (Make sure it is an appropriate saying to
be graded) Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Soup
3. What evidence do we use to classify organisms? (What things are used when determining
how similar / different organisms are?) Circle the type of evidence we use the most often
and explain what it means.
*** most important - Molecular biology evidence (DNA and Proteins)
Homologous Structures
Fossils
4. Can the way things are classified change? Why / Why not? (Hint: Have the way we
classify things changed over time up until now? Why / why not?)
Yes, as new evidence becomes available (i.e. once we were able to sequence DNA) we
learn that species are more/less similar than we originally thought.
5. Answer the following questions organisms in the same family vs. organisms in
same phylum
a. Which have more in common? Family
b. Which have a more recent common ancestor? Family
c. For the organisms discussed above, if they are in the same family would
they be in the same or different phylum? Same (same everything above
family)
Domains
1. List the 3 domains used today. Tell the characteristics of each.
Archaea – Prokaryotic, unicellular, live in extreme environments
(Eu)Bacteria – Prokaryotic, unicellular, live in normal environments
Eukarya – Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, anything with a nucleus
Kingdoms
1. List the 6 kingdoms used today (There used to be 5 because Monera was used for
Archaeabacteria and Eubacteria).
a. For each of these kingdoms, tell whether they are each of the following:
i. prokaryotic or eukaryotic
ii. unicellular or multicellular
iii. autotrophic or heterotrophic (some of the kingdoms will be both)
iv. mobile or non-mobile
1) Archaea – prokaryotic, unicellular, can be both auto- or heterotrophic (but DO NOT
have chloroplast because they are prokaryotic), mobile
2) Bacteria - prokaryotic, unicellular, can be both auto- or heterotrophic (but DO NOT
have chloroplast because they are prokaryotic), mobile
3) Protista – eukaryotic, mostly unicellular (some multi-), auto- or heterotrophic (they DO
have chloroplast because they are eukaryotic), mobile and non-mobile
Remember that this is the “throw away” kingdom. If it is eukaryotic but is not a plant,
animal, or fungi then it gets put into this kingdom; therefore, this group is more about how
they ARE NOT like the other kingdoms more so than that they are a lot alike one another.
PROTOZOA = ANIMAL LIKE PROTIST
4) Fungi – eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic (do NOT INGEST food, they leach
nutrients out of whatever they grow from), non-mobile (Think mushroom)
5) Plantae – eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, non-motile
6) Animalia – eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic (they DO INGEST their food), motile
2. Give 3 reasons why many fungi are generally pathogenic.
Produce spores that can survive for very long periods of time in unfavorable
conditions and will wait to sprout until conditions are favorable for the adult fungi
to survive
Have a branching network called hyphae that work with their roots to digest the
surface they are growing off of
Some of them can produce toxic chemicals
3. What are gram stains used for? identify different types of bacteria
4. How does penicillin work? Penicillin kills bacteria by stopping their
production of their cell walls
5. Explain endosymbiosis. (Remember this was the origination of chloroplast and
mitochondria)
6. Give 3 differences in animal and plant cells.
Plants have (and animals don’t): 1) chloroplast to make glucose (do photosynthesis), 2)
central vacuole to store water, 3) cell wall made of cellulose (bacteria and fungi also have
cell walls but they are not made of cellulose)
Phylums and Classes – There aren’t many questions included in this section because you just
completed bookwork over both of these taxons. Use those papers as the review for this section.
1. List the 9 phylums we talked about in class and tell the common name of the organisms
in each.
Porifera – sponges (Think Porifera = pores)
Cnidaria – jellyfish, sea anemone, hydra (All have cnidocytes. Cnido=stinging cyte= cell)
Platyhelminthes – flatworms (Remember by “flaty”helminthes)
Nematoda – roundworms
Annelida – segmented worms (earthworms, leeches)
Mollusca – all soft bodies organisms that use shells (snails, clams, etc.) + squid and octopus
Arthropoda – insects (6 legs, 3 segmented body parts), arachnida (8 legs, 2 body parts),
crustacean (THINK EXOSKELTON)
Echinodermata – starfish, sea urchin
Chordata – amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals (think chordata = spinal “cord”)
2. What is the difference in radial and bilateral symmetry?
Radial symmetry is all equal sections (like a pizza)
Bilateral symmetry is equal left and right side
3. Which phylum has the most marine organisms? Mollusca
4. Which phylum has the most animal species? Arthropoda (because the class Insecta is
in this phylum)
5. How many legs do insects have? How many do arthropods have? 6; 8
6. Who has antennas: insects or arthropods? Insects
7. Who has wings: insects or arthropods? Insects
8. What are 2 traits that all mammals have in common? Mammary glands and hair
Biological species
1. Define what it means to be a biological species? (What determines if two organisms are
the same species?) Can produce viable, fertile offspring
Dichotomous Key
1. What is a dichotomous key / what is it used for?
A series of either/or questions (2 options) that lead to the identification of a species
2. Be able to identify organisms using a dichotomous key on your test.
Viruses
1. Are viruses living? Explain. No, they are not made of cells so they cannot independent
perform MRS. GOCH on their own
2. What 2 things are viruses made of? nucleic acid (usually DNA but some use RNA [like
HIV]) and proteins
3. Viruses can’t reproduce on their own. What do they inject into their host that causes the
host to make more viruses? DNA