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U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN THE
COLD WAR ERA:
TRUMAN TO KENNEDY
1
YALTA CONFERENCE, 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL
AND STALIN MET TO DISCUSS THE FUTURE
OF EUROPE AFTER THE WAR.
•World organization (United Nations)
•Dismemberment of Germany
•Russia’s entry into war against Japan
•Poland
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UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST
TIME, 1945
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POTSDAM, JULY 1945
CHURCHILL, TRUMAN, AND STALIN
DECIDE HOW TO DEAL WITH GERMANY AND JAPAN
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The Cold War
Differences and distrust between the U.S.
and the USSR lead to strong tensions.
Democratic U.S. vs. Expanding USSR (Communist) = Tension
Once the USSR tests their own
nuclear weapon, MAD ensures that
we will never directly attack one
another, but instead use proxies. 5
IRAN: SITE OF THE
FIRST DISPUTE OF
THE COLD WAR IN
1945-46
British and Soviet troops had
jointly occupied Iran since 1941
to protect oil reserves from
falling into German hands. At the
end of the war, the British withdrew
their troops, but the Soviets refused
to withdraw their forces hoping to force
oil concessions from the Iranians.
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"I'M SICK OF
BABYING THE
SOVIETS."
PRESIDENT TRUMAN WROTE THIS ON JAN. 5, 1946 TO
SECRETARY OF STATE JAMES BYRNES. HE WAS UPSET
THAT THE USSR WAS TAKING OVER EASTERN EUROPEAN
NATIONS AND IMPOSING COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS.
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EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE USSR
AFTER WW II
YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST, REMAINED INDEPENDENT
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Churchill giving
his “iron
curtain” speech
in March of 1946
at Fulton
Missouri
"A shadow has fallen
upon the scenes so
lately lighted by the
Allied victories. . . .
From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in
the Adriatic, an iron
curtain has
descended across the
continent.”
Churchill’s main points were that there should be a US/UK
agreement within the framework of the U.N. to resist and
deter any disturbances to world peace and that Stalin
wants "not war but the fruits of war”, and if the allies stay
strong and united they can counter any Soviet threat
9
GEORGE F. KENNAN AND
CONTAINMENT
The Truman
Doctrine was the
first employment of
the policy of
containment
“It is clear that the United States
cannot expect in the foreseeable
future to enjoy political intimacy with
the Soviet regime. It must continue
to regard the Soviet Union as a rival,
not a partner, in the political arena. It
must continue to expect that Soviet
policies will reflect no abstract love of
peace and stability, no real faith in
the possibility of a permanent happy
coexistence of the socialist and
capitalist worlds, but rather a
cautious, persistent pressure toward
the disruption and, weakening of all
rival influence and rival power.”
"Long-term, patient but firm and
vigilant containment of Russian
expansive tendencies."
10
BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY
FACED COMMUNIST
REVOLTS IN 1947 AND
ASKED THE U.S. FOR AID TO
DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM
COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS
FIGHTING AGAINST
COMMUNISTS IN
GREECE
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TRUMAN DOCTRINE
“THE SEEDS OF TOTALITARIAN REGIMES ARE NURTURED
BY MISERY AND WANT. THEY SPREAD AND GROW IN THE
EVIL SOIL OF POVERTY AND STRIFE. THEY REACH THEIR
FULL GROWTH WHEN THE HOPE OF A PEOPLE FOR A
BETTER LIFE HAS DIED. WE MUST KEEP THAT HOPE ALIVE.
THE FREE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD LOOK TO US FOR
SUPPORT IN MAINTAINING THEIR FREEDOMS.
IF WE FALTER IN OUR LEADERSHIP, WE MAY ENDANGER
THE PEACE OF THE WORLD -- AND WE SHALL SURELY
ENDANGER THE WELFARE OF OUR OWN NATION.
GREAT RESPONSIBILITIES HAVE BEEN PLACED UPON US
BY THE SWIFT MOVEMENT OF EVENTS.”
PRESIDENT TRUMAN ASKED CONGRESS FOR $400 MILLION
IN AID PLUS US TROOPS/ADVISORS TO HELP BOTH
GREECE AND TURKEY FIGHT BACK THE COMMUNIST
THREAT
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U.S. SECRETARY OF
STATE GEORGE C.
MARSHALL AT
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY, JUNE
5TH 1947, THE DAY
HE DELIVERED HIS
HISTORIC SPEECH
ANNOUNCING THE
MARSHALL PLAN
FOR THE ECONOMIC
RECOVERY OF
EUROPE
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EXCERPT FROM MARSHALL’S HARVARD SPEECH
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HOW EUROPE WAS TO BE RECONSTRUCTED
UNDER THE MARSHALL PLAN
MODERNIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
CREATION OF SOUND CURRENCIES AND NATIONAL
BUDGETS
EXPANSION OF TRADE AND INCREASE IN EXPORTS
INCREASED ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
REMOVAL OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS IN
FOREIGN TRADE
INCREASE IN PRODUCTION ESPECIALLY IN
AGRICULTURE AND ENERGY INDUSTRY
IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
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17
GERMAN CITY OF
HAMBURG IN 1947
BEFORE THE
MARSHALL PLAN
EFFECTS OF
THE
MARSHALL
PLAN
HAMBURG, 1952,
AFTER THE
MARSHALL PLAN
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WITH HELP FROM THE MARSHALL PLAN WESTERN
EUROPEAN ECONOMIES REVIVE
19
The Marshall Plan is a major
factor in Western Europe's
recovery from the devastation of
WWII
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21
AFTER THE WAR
BERLIN, THE
CAPITAL CITY OF
GERMANY, WAS
DIVIDED INTO
FOUR ZONES:
USSR, FRENCH,
BRITISH AND
AMERICAN. THE
THREE ALLIES
UNITED THEIR
ZONES INTO ONE
THAT WAS KNOWN
AS WEST BERLIN.
WEST BERLIN WAS
DEEP INSIDE THE
COMMUNIST
CONTROLLED PART
OF GERMANY.
22
1949 SAW THE FORMAL ESTABLISHMENT OF TWO
GERMAN NATIONS COMMONLY KNOWN AS EAST AND
WEST GERMANY. EAST GERMANY WAS RULED BY THE
USSR WHILE WEST GERMANY WAS INDEPENDENT. 23
On June 23, 1948 the USSR imposed a complete blockade
on railway, road and canal traffic leading to West Berlin
from the allied German zone. No supplies of any type,
including food, fuel and consumer goods, were allowed to
enter West Berlin. Stalin wanted to starve the city into
submission. This was done for two main reasons:
•Stalin's desire to control all of Berlin
•The allies London program of 1948 that called for a
separate West Germany and currency reform
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POLITICAL CARTOON
ASKS THE QUESTION
“WHAT WILL PRESIDENT
TRUMAN DO ABOUT
BERLIN?”
TRAINS PREVENTED FROM
MOVING TO BERLIN
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PRESIDENT TRUMAN DECIDED THAT WE WERE
GOING TO HOLD ON TO WEST BERLIN AND HE
CHOOSE AN AIRLIFT FROM THE OPTIONS
PRESENTED HIM. THE AIRLIFT WOULD BE
USED FOR KEEPING THE CITY SUPPLIED WITH
FOOD, FUEL AND CONSUMER GOODS.
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BERLIN AIRLIFT: JUNE 1948 TO MAY 1949
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EVERYTHING FROM COAL TO CHOCOLATE WAS FLOWN IN
BY FLEETS OF AMERICAN AND BRITISH CARGO PLANES
LOADING BAGS OF
COAL
MAKING SMALL
PARACHUTES TO DROP
CANDY TO BERLIN
CHILDREN
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PRESIDENT TRUMAN MADE
IT CLEAR THAT IF ONE
CARGO PLANE WAS SHOT
DOWN IT WOULD MEAN
WAR BETWEEN THE US
AND USSR
CRASHED CARGO PLANE
DUE TO AN ACCIDENT
29
IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED
THE BERLIN BLOCKADE
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31
DEAN ACHESON BECAME
THE SECRETARY OF
STATE IN 1949 UNDER
HARRY TRUMAN. IN
THAT POST, HE
DEVELOPED A POLICY TO
CONTAIN COMMUNIST
EXPANSION BY
FUNNELING ECONOMIC
AND MILITARY AID TO
DEMOCRATIC NATIONS,
AND BY HELPING TO
ESTABLISH THE NORTH
ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION (NATO).
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NATO: THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION IS FORMED IN 1949
IN APRIL 1949, TEN WEST
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA, SIGN
THE WASHINGTON TREATY, WHICH
CREATES THE NORTH ATLANTIC
TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO), AN
ALLIANCE WHICH BRINGS
TOGETHER FREE AND SOVEREIGN
COUNTRIES IN ORDER TO CREATE A
COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM. THE
PRINCIPAL PURPOSE OF THE
ALLIANCE IS SPECIFIED IN ARTICLE
5 WHICH STATES THAT "AN ARMED
ATTACK AGAINST ONE OR MORE OF
THEM IN EUROPE OR NORTH
AMERICA SHALL BE CONSIDERED AN
ATTACK AGAINST THEM ALL."
NATO'S FIRST SUPREME
ALLIED COMMANDER
EUROPE (SACEUR),
GENERAL DWIGHT D.
EISENHOWER,
DECEMBER 1950
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FIRST MEMBERS OF NATO
BELGIUM, CANADA, DENMARK, FRANCE, ICELAND,
ITALY, LUXEMBOURG, THE NETHERLANDS, NORWAY,
PORTUGAL, THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED
STATES. LATER JOINED BY GREECE, SPAIN, TURKEY
AND WEST GERMANY.
34
35
KOREAN WAR:
JUNE 1950 TO JULY 1953
NORTH KOREA
38TH PARALLEL DIVIDING
LINE BETWEEN NORTH AND
SOUTH KOREA
SOUTH KOREA
36
The communist North
Koreans pushed the
South Korean and
unprepared U.S.
armies all the way to
Pusan in the south
where they were
finally stopped by U.S.
firepower.
37
GENERAL DOUGLAS
MACARTHUR WAS PUT IN
OVERALL COMMAND OF
UNITED NATIONS FORCES
Macarthur made a brilliant
invasion at Inchon which
threatened to trap all the North
Korean forces fighting near the
Pusan perimeter
38
UN troops
advanced
rapidly and
entered
North Korea
in pursuit of
fleeing
enemy
armies. On
October 19,
1950
Chinese
communists
troops
invaded
North Korea
and pushed
the UN
armies back
south of the
38th parallel.
39
THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE
RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH WARFARE.
40
FORMER GENERAL
DWIGHT D.
EISENHOWER WAS
ELECTED PRESIDENT
IN NOVEMBER 1952
WITH A PLEDGE TO
GO TO KOREA AND
END THE WAR.
41
On July 27th 1953,
after three years of
fighting, an
armistice was
signed ending the
Korean war. Korea
remained divided at
the 38th parallel.
42
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV BECAME
THE LEADER OF THE SOVIET
UNION AFTER STALIN’S
DEATH. HE DENOUNCED THE
CRIMES OF STALIN IN A
FAMOUS 1956 SPEECH AND SET
OUT TO REFORM THE USSR.
ALTHOUGH HE ADVOCATED
“PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE”
THERE WERE SEVERAL
SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS
BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER
POWERS WHILE HE WAS IN
OFFICE. IN 1956 HE
ANNOUNCED AT A UN SPEECH
THAT “WE (USSR) WILL BURY
YOU (US)”
43
In 1957 a new word entered the world’s vocabulary: ICBM,
short for intercontinental ballistic missiles. These were
nuclear bomb carrying missiles with ranges of over five
thousand miles. No place on earth was safe from nuclear
destruction.
FIRST US ATLAS
ICBM
USSR WAS THE
FIRST TO
SUCCESSFULLY
LAUNCH AN ICBM
44
OCTOBER 4TH 1957 THE SPACE AGE BEGINS AS
RUSSIA LAUNCHES SPUTNIK, THE FIRST
ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH.
AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS
WERE THE FIRST INTO SPACE
45
The U.S. did not get an
object into orbit until
January of 1958 after
several embarrassing
failures. The space race
was on.
46
MAY 1960: THE U-2 INCIDENT
A US U-2 RECONNAISSANCE (SPY)
PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN OVER THE
SOVIET UNION AND ITS PILOT GARY
POWERS CAPTURED AND PUT ON
TRIAL. KHRUSHCHEV USED THIS
INCIDENT TO CANCEL A PLANNED
EAST-WEST SUMMIT CONFERENCE IN
PARIS.
47
FIDEL CASTRO
ON JANUARY 1, 1959 REVOLUTION IN CUBA
SUCCESSFULLY OVERTHREW THE GOVERNMENT.
ON JANUARY 6TH FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER
AND LATER COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF CUBA.
MANY CUBANS FLEE TO THE U.S.
Castro started bringing Cuba closer to the communist USSR
starting with a trade agreement.
President Eisenhower authorized a CIA plan to overthrow
48
Castro using Cuban exiles living in the U.S.
JOHN F. KENNEDY BECOMES PRESIDENT OF THE US IN
1961 AND INHERITS A PLANED INVASION OF CUBA
FROM THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION
49
CUBAN EXILES INVADING
CUBA WITH THE HELP OF THE
US, APRIL 1961
BAY OF PIGS
INVASION SITE
50
THE INVASION WAS A FAILURE AND ALL THE CUBAN
EXILE INVASION FORCE WAS EITHER KILLED OR
CAPTURED BY CASTRO’S ARMY.
CASTRO’S FORCES
ON THE MARCH
CASTRO’S AIR
FORCE
DESTROYED THE
INVADING SHIPS
51
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER 1962
THE CLOSEST THE WORLD HAS COME
TO FULL SCALE NUCLEAR WAR
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US INTELLIGENCE BEGINS RECEIVING REPORTS OF
SOVIET MISSILES IN CUBA. A U-2 FLIGHT ON AUGUST
29TH CONFIRMED THE PRESENCE OF SURFACE TO AIR
MISSILE BATTERIES IN CUBA. THESE MISSILES WERE
DESIGNED TO SHOOT DOWN ENEMY AIRCRAFT.
53
DECLASSIFIED
1962 MAP
SHOWING THE
DISTANCES
NUCLEAR ARMED
MISSILES WOULD
GO IF FIRED FROM
CUBA. ALMOST
ALL MAJOR US
POPULATION
CENTERS WERE
WITHIN RANGE.
MAPS LIKE THIS
CONVINCED JFK
THAT THE SOVIET
MISSILES MUST
BE REMOVED
FROM CUBA.
54
Aerial photographs from U.S. spy planes left no doubt that the
Russians were installing nuclear missiles in Cuba aimed at the
U.S.
55
LOW ALTITUDE VIEW OF MISSILE PREPARATION AREA.
THE PILOT TAKING THIS SHOT FLEW AT AN ALTITUDE OF
ABOUT 250 FEET, AND AT THE SPEED OF SOUND.
EACH ONE OF THE RUSSIAN MISSILES IN CUBA
HAD THE EXPLOSIVE POWER OF 50 HIROSHIMA
TYPE ATOMIC BOMBS
56
JFK HAD TWO CHOICES OF HOW TO
DEAL WITH THE SITUATION IN CUBA:
FIRST: HE COULD ORDER AIRSTRIKES
ON THE MISSILE SITES IN CUBA AND
RISK AN ALL OUT NUCLEAR WAR WITH
THE USSR
SECOND: HE COULD ORDER A NAVAL
BLOCKADE AND STOP SOVIET SHIPS
FROM BRINGING IN MISSILES AND
OTHER EQUIPMENT. NO ONE KNEW
HOW THE RUSSIANS WOULD REACT TO
THIS.
HE CHOSE THE NAVAL BLOCKADE
57
PRESIDENT
KENNEDY
SIGNING CUBA
QUARANTINE
PROCLAMATION.
OVAL OFFICE,
WHITE HOUSE,
10/23/1962
58
OCTOBER 27, 1962: THE
SOVIET SHIP GROZNY
CROSSES THE QUARANTINE
LINE, BUT STOPS AFTER U.S.
NAVY SHIPS FIRE STAR
SHELLS ACROSS HER BOW.
PHOTOS OF US SHIPS ENFORCNG THE
QUARANTINE AND (LEFT) SHADOWING A
SOVIET SUBMARINE
59
Khrushchev gave in to U.S. pressure and removed
Soviet missiles from Cuba for a U.S. promise not to
invade Cuba.
Soviet cargo ship leaving Cuba with
missiles visible above the desk
Missiles being loaded on Soviet
ships for return to the Soviet Union
60