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Renaissance
Chapter 14
The Renaissance
• 1350-1550
• Renaissance means rebirth
– A rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman worlds
– Rebirth after disorder and disunity of the middle ages
– Also known as the Italian Renaissance; a period of
history that started in Italy and spread to the rest of
Europe
• Time of creativity and changes in politics,
economics, society and culture.
• Characteristics of the Renaissance
– Secular viewpoint emerged
• as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of material
things
– Age of recovery
• which led to a rebirth of interest in ancient culture affecting both politics and
art
– Emphasis on individual abilities
• the well rounded, universal person capable of achievements in many areas
of life emerged
• Not everyone in society was directly affected by these
characteristics
• The urban wealthy class was affected more than anyone else
• The achievements of the period were visible everywhere
– Homes, churches, public buildings were decorated with the art and
architecture of the period
Italian Renaissance
• Italy was the birth place of the
Renaissance
– Center of ancient Roman culture
– Architecture, antique statues, coins and
inscriptions were all still visible and reminders
of the glory of Rome
– Survived the middle ages and had prosperous
city states; Rome, Florence, Milan, Venice
and Genoa
– Had a wealthy and powerful merchant class
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One such family --- the Medici family of Florence
Know for their banking business
One of the wealthiest families in Europe
Their wealth led to them controlling the Florentine
government and becoming patrons of the arts
(financially supported artists)
Humanism
• Intellectual movement/study of classical culture
• Focused on worldly/secular subjects rather than
religious issues
• Believed education should stimulate the
individual’s creative powers
• Schools returned to teaching the humanities:
grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history
• One well known humanist was Petrarch
– Assembled a library of Greek and Roman
manuscripts
– Wrote literature of his own
Middle Ages Art vs. Renaissance Art
Italian Renaissance Art
• Reflected humanism
• Portrayed religious figures against everyday
backgrounds or Greek/Roman backgrounds
• Painted portraits of well known people of the time
• Represented both humans and landscapes in a realistic
way
• Adopted new techniques
– Perspective – making distant objects smaller than those close to
the viewer
– Shading to make objects look round
– Drew from live models and studied human anatomy to portray
body more accurately
Italian Renaissance Artists
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Leonardo Da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael
Titian
Botticelli
Donatello
Masaccio
Renaissance Technology
• The Printing Press
– Johann Gutenberg
– 1456 he printed a complete edition of the Bible using
movable type
– Within 50 years they had printed more than 20 million
copies of the Bible
– Impact
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Made books less expensive to produce and purchase
More people learned to read and write
Allowed people to gain a broader range of knowledge
Exposed people to new ideas
The Reformation
Chapter 14
Abuses in the Church
• Problems and abuses in the church that led to
people wanting reforms of the church
– Popes competing with princes for political power
– Popes had a lavish lifestyle – hired painters and
sculptors to beautify churches
– Increased fees for services like marriage and
baptisms to pay for projects to beautify the churches
– Promoted the sale of indulgences – pardons for sins –
indulgences were given in exchange for a monetary
gift to the church
Martin Luther
• German Monk and Theology professor
– Became a monk after nearly being stuck by lightening
• 1517 –
– he was very unhappy with the Church and the sale of
indulgences
– He wrote his 95 Theses – a list of arguments against the use of
indulgences
– He posted these on the church door in Wittenberg
– Quickly these spread and he created chaos and debate
– The church asked him to take back what he said and he refused
– He urged people to reject the Church in Rome
– 1521 he was excommunicated and eventually declared an
outlaw
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Martin Luther’s Teachings
1) Salvation could be achieved through faith alone
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Instead of through good deeds
2) The Bible was the sole source of religious truths
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Not the church hierarchy
3) Rejected the idea that priests and other members of
the Church hierarchy had special powers
4) Translated the Bible into the German vernacular
5) Rejected five of the sacraments
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Because the Bible did not mention them
6) Banned indulgences, confessions, pilgrimages and
prayer to saints
7) Abolished Catholic mass
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Used sermons instead
8) Permitted clergy to marry
Spread of Lutheranism
• Lutherans = Protestants: Those who protested the Pope
• Lutheranism gained support because:
– people saw it as a way to address the corruption of the Roman
Catholic Church
– Throw off the rule of the Church
– Seize property
– National loyalty
• Peasants also supported Luther and used it to help them
gain social and economic reforms; instead it led to a
revolt and nearly 100,000 deaths
• The Peace of Augsburg
– Gave German princes the right to decide which religion, Catholic
or Lutheran, would be followed in their lands
John Calvin
• French born priest and lawyer
• Wrote “ Institutes of the Christian Religion” which
described his religious beliefs and gave advice
on how to organize a Protestant church
• Had some similar beliefs and many different
beliefs than Luther
– Similar: faith=salvation, bible was truth
– Different: God was all powerful, humans by nature
were sinful, God alone decided on an individuals
eternal life, predestination, divided world into saints
and sinners
• Set up a theocracy in Geneva Switzerland
• Characteristics of the society
– Stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty
and morality
– Prohibited from fighting, swearing, laughing in
church and dancing
– Emphasized strict morality
– Believed in religious education for girls and
boys
• Spread to all over Europe: France,
Netherlands, England and Scotland
English Reformation
• Unlike in other countries where religious reforms were led by clergy
in England it was led by the King
• At first Henry VIII was against the new Protestant religions but when
he decided he wanted to annul his marriage and the church denied
his request his position changed
• Henry wanted to annul his marriage because he wanted to remarry
to try to have a male heir
• The church denied his request mainly because the Pope did not
want to anger Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor and brother to
Henry’s wife
• Henry passed laws to end the pope’s control of the church in
England; Act of Supremacy – made Henry the supreme head of the
Church of England
• Even by doing this Henry never ended up with a surviving male heir
(tried with six different wives) and the crown of England would be
passed to his daughters Mary and Elizabeth
Henry VIII
Catherine of Anne Boleyn
Aragon
Jane
Seymour
Anne of
Cleves
Catherine
Howard
Katherine
Parr
Catholic Reformation
• Because of the Protestant movement the Catholic
church realized it needed to make changes
• Council of Trent: met to make reforms in the Catholic
church
– Reforms: agreed faith = salvation, bible=truth but not only source
of truth, ended abuses, made penalties for worldliness and
corruption, new schools to better educate clergy
• Inquisition, church court, to get rid of heresy and other
immoral acts was established
• The reforms were successful, they slowed the spread of
Protestant religions and Catholics became more pious
• But Europe remained divided – Catholics in the south,
Protestants in the North