Download Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular
System
Unit 8
Cool Facts
• Strung together end to end, your blood vessels
could circle the globe 2 1/2 times!
• The body of an adult contains over 60,000 miles
of blood vessels!
• An adult's heart pumps nearly 4000 gallons of
blood each day!
• Your heart beats some 30 million times a year!
• The average three-year-old has two pints of
blood in their body; the average adult at least
five times more!
• A "heartbeat" is really the sound of the valves in
the heart closing as they push blood through its
chambers.
Cardiovascular System
• Vast network of organs
and vessels that is
responsible for the flow
of blood, nutrients,
oxygen and other
gases, and hormones
to and from cells.
• Comprised of:
A. Arteries
B. Veins
C. Capillaries
D. Heart
• Arteries:
1. Carry blood AWAY from the heart
2. Have thick muscular walls...WHY?
• Veins:
1. Carry blood TO the heart
2. Have thin walls, large lumens,
and valves
• Capillaries:
1. Site of exchange for blood cells (oxygen,
carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones)
connecting arteries and veins
2. Smallest vessels in the body (RBC’s must go
one at a time through!)
The Heart
• Muscle responsible
for pumping blood
in the body
• About 14 cm x 9 cm
(size of your fist)
• Located in the
chest cavity, in the
space between the
lungs
• Distal end of the
heart is called the
apex
Heart Structure
• Enclosed in the pericardium
• Name means: around the heart
• Contains fluid that reduces the friction from the
pumping action of the heart
• Also called “Pericardial Sac”
3 Tissue Layers of the
Heart
• Epicardium: protective outer covering made of
epithelial tissue
• Myocardium: thick muscle tissue responsible for
pumping
• Endocardium: smooth inner lining for easy flow of
blood
Pericardial
Sac
Epicardium
Heart Chambers
• Your heart is a double pump—you have 2 circuits
1. Pulmonary Pathway: lungs only/ Right Side
2. Systemic Pathway: rest of the body/Left Side
• The heart has 4 chambers:
-2 Atria – thin upper chambers that receive blood
returning to the heart through veins… Right and Left
Atrium
-2 Ventricles – thick, muscular lower chambers.
Receive blood from the atria above them. Force
(pump) blood out of the heart through arteries… Right
and left ventricle.
-Interventricular Septum: Separates Left and Right Side
Septum
Pulmonary
Circulation
Systemic
Circulation
Valves
• Allow one-way flow of blood, 4 total
• Tricuspid valve- Between right atrium and
ventricle
• Biscuspid Valve- Between left atrium and
ventricle
• Aortic Semilunar –Between the left ventricle
and the aorta
• Pulmonary Semilunar- Between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Major Vessels of the Heart
• Superior/Inferior Vena Cava: Returns blood to
the heart from head and lower body, largest
vein in the body
• Aorta: Takes blood away to the body , largest
artery in the body
• (Rt. And Lt.)Pulmonary Artery: Takes oxygen
poor blood away to the lungs (to get what??)
• (Rt. And Lt.) Pulmonary Vein: Takes oxygen
rich blood back to heart
Blood FlowThrough The
Heart
• BLUE= Deoxygenated or Oxygen Poor Blood
• RED= Oxygenated or Oxygen Rich Blood
Blood
Flow
Interesting Fact
• The Pulmonary arteries and veins are the only
vessels that carry opposite blood than all the others!
• Which carries which? WHY?
Coronary Vessels
• The heart receives its own supply of blood
from the coronary arteries.
• Two major coronary arteries branch off from
the aorta near the point where the aorta
and the left ventricle meet.
• These arteries and their branches supply all
parts of the heart muscle with blood.
• These arteries, if become clogged, cause
heart attacks (Myocardial Infarctions)
Accessory Structures
 Papillary Muscles: Protrusions
in the endocardium that
anchor the cords that attach
to the valves
 Chordae Tendinae: cords or
strings that attach to valves
Accessory Structures
 Interventricular Septum:
wall between
ventricles, keeps blood
separate making CV
more efficient (how?)
Accessory Structures
 Fossa Ovalis:
depression in atrial wall
that was once an
opening for the fetus
 Why is it there??
Heart Sounds
• The first heart sound (lub) is caused by the
closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves.
• The second heart sound (dub) is caused by
the closure of the pulmonic and aortic
valves.
Conductive System
• Network of specialized tissue that stimulates
contraction
• Made of modified cardiac myocytes
• The heart can contract without any stimulation from
the brain.
How the heart works:
1. The heart produces electrochemical impulses
using electrolytes (Na, K)
2. Those impulses travel through the heart causing it
to contract (it can be detected all over the body)
3. The pace is your heart rate or pulse
Electrical Pathway
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node: aka
the pacemaker; located
in the upper Right Atrium
Polarizes or contracts the
atria
Signal collected by the
atrioventricular (AV) node
Contracts the ventricles
by passing on the signal
to the right and left
bundle fibers
Pulse
•
•
•
•
•
Heart Rate = PULSE
Measured in beats per minute (bpm)
Average of 72 bpm
Heart problems can alter HR
Taken from any artery
o Radial (wrist)
o Carotid (neck)
Generation of a Pulse
Should
you use
your
thumb
to take
a pulse?
Resting Heart Rate for WOMEN
Age 18-25
26-35 36-45
46-55
56-65
Athlete
54-60
54-59 54-59
54-60
54-59 54-59
Excellent
61-65
60-64 60-64
61-65
60-64 60-64
Good
66-69
65-68 65-69
66-69
65-68 65-68
Above
Average
70-73
69-72 70-73
70-73
69-73 69-72
Average
74-78
73-76 74-78
74-77
74-77 73-76
79-84
77-82 79-84
78-83
78-83 77-84
Below
Average
Poor
85+
83+
85+
84+
84+
65+
84+
Resting Heart Rate for MEN
Age 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
56-65
65+
Athlete
49-55
49-54
50-56
50-57
51-56
50-55
Excellent
56-61
55-61
57-62
58-63
57-61
56-61
Good
62-65
62-65
63-66
64-67
62-67
62-65
Above
Average
66-69
66-70
67-70
68-71
68-71
66-69
Average
70-73
71-74
71-75
72-76
72-75
70-73
Below
Average
74-81
75-81
76-82
77-83
76-81
74-79
82+
82+
83+
84+
82+
80+
Poor
How To Take a Pulse
1. Find a quiet place and sit down
2. Place the tips of your index, second, and third
fingers on your wrist below your thumb at the base
of your hand. Press lightly, and feel carefully for
your pulse. (NEVER USE YOUR THUMB!)
3. Count the number of beats for ten seconds
4. Multiply by 6
EX: 12 beats in ten seconds
12 x 6 = 72 bpm (beats per minute)
Blood Pressure
• Measures the force pressing outward on your
arterial wall
• Result of two forces.
• Systolic Pressure: Force that occurs as heart
contracts and blood is forced out of heart (top #)
• Diastolic Pressure: Force created as the heart
rests between heart beats (bottom #)
• These two forces are each represented by
numbers measured in millimeters of mercury
(mmHg)
• Average: 120
Systolic
80 mmHg
Diastolic
BP Basics
ECG = EKG
• Electrocardiogram:
test that measures the
conductivity of the
heart
• Done for many reasons:
o Chest pain/Heart Attack
o Dizziness, Fainting, shortness of
breath, rapid HR
o Heart chamber thickness
o How medicines are
working/causing side effects
o Check pacemaker
o Check heart health when other
conditions present (smoking,
diabetes, Hi BP, Hi cholesterol)
Irregularities with Heart
Rate
• Arrhythmia = Irregular heartbeat
• Types of Arrhythmias
• What is tachycardia? More than 100 bpm
normally
• Bradycardia = Less than 60 bpm normally
Vascular System
• Set of blood vessels
that carry blood to
EVERY cell in the body
Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds
up inside your arteries.
• Plaque is made up of fat,
cholesterol, calcium, and other
substances found in the blood.
Over time, plaque hardens
and narrows your arteries.
This limits the flow of
oxygen-rich blood to your
organs and other parts of
your body.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heart/Vessel Surgery
Aneurysm Repair
Angioplasty and Stents
Coronary Artery Bypass
Heart Transplant
Pacemaker
Valve Repair/Replacement
Aneurysm Repair
Angioplasty
Coronary Artery Bypass
Pacemaker
Valve Repair or
Replacement
Cardiovascular
Conditions
• How does smoking affect your CV system?
• What happens in a heart attack (MI)?
• Can drugs affect the heart?
• Drugs and Heart Disease?