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Object Pronouns 1. Introduction In order to learn pronouns, you need to be familiar some basic syntax concepts such as subject and object. The subject is the part of the sentence that does the action. The object is the part of the sentence that receives the action. In the sentence Yo como pan (I eat some bread), for instance, Yo is the subject and pan is the object. The object can also be direct, indirect or reflexive. The direct object answers the question what? whereas the indirect object answers the question to/from whom? In the sentence I give you a book, I is the subject, you is the indirect object and a book is the direct object. The reflexive object is used when someone does something to themselves, as in I wash myself, where I would be the subject and myself the reflexive object. Other key concepts are article and pronoun. An article precedes a noun, whereas a pronoun replaces the noun. If I say The book is thick, so I carry it in a big backpack, The words the and a are articles because they precede the nouns book and backpack. The word it is a pronoun because it replaces the book. Actually, it is a direct-object pronoun (what do I carry? –I carry it). In some languages like Finnish, the articles and pronouns can have similar forms or there might not be articles at all. Therefore the confusion. So why the hell are object pronouns so important in this course? Spanish speakers adress others much more directly than the Finns in a discussion. The interaction is very lively and everyone wants to make their point clear. As a result, object pronouns are continuously used to have the audience follow the speech. In cultures where people talk in a very organised and predictable way these pronouns might seem irrelevant, but if you want people to understand you in Spanish, object pronouns provide a quick way to always let them know to whom and what you are talking about. And that allways takes place in that specific order: first to whom and then what. Los pronombres objeto, por Javier González García 1 2. The pronouns This is a comprehensive table of subject and object pronouns. You already know the subject pronouns, but they are shown again to make the difference obvious. You will notice all object pronouns are the same in Spanish except for the 3rd person forms. Pronombres sujeto Español yo tú él/ella nosotros/-as vosotros/-as ellos/-as Finés minä sinä hän/se me te he/ne Inglés I you he/she we you they Pronombres objeto Español Pronombres reflexivos me te se nos os se Pronombres de objeto directo me te lo, la nos os los, las Pronombres de objeto indirecto me te le nos os les Finés Refleksiivipronominit Inglés Reflexive Pronouns itselleni/itseltäni/itseäni/itsekseni myself itsellesi/itseltäsi/itseäsi/itseksesi yourself itselleen/itseltään/itseään/itsekseen him-/herself/itself itsellemme/itseltämme/itseämme/itseksemme ourselves itsellenne/itseltänne/itseänne/itseksenne yourselves itselleen/itseltään/itseään/itsekseen themselves Suorakohdepronominit Direct-Object Pronouns minut/minua me sinut/sinua you hänet/häntä/sen/sitä him, her, it meidät/meitä us teidät/teitä you heidät/heitä/ne/niitä them Epäsuorakohdepronominit Indirect-Object Pronouns minulle/minulta me sinulle/sinulta you hänelle/häneltä/sille/siltä him, her, it meille/meiltä us teille/teiltä you heille/heiltä/niille/niiltä them Some examples Please, note these examples might not work the same way in your language. Reflexivos - Os ducháis. (You all shower yourselves.) - Se esconden. (They hide themselves.) Objeto directo - ¿Me ayudas? (Do you help me?) - Nos esperan en el trabajo. (They wait for us at work.) - Ella te llama por teléfono. (She calls you by phone.) Objeto indirecto - Le doy el libro (I give him/her the book.) - No te pregunta nada. (He/she does not ask you anything.) Los pronombres objeto, por Javier González García 2 Do you see the difference? It is important that you do not mix the subject and the object. If you think that Me ayudas means I help just because me is somehow related to the first person, that’s a bad start. The subject pronouns are only used for emphasis, so you need the verb to tell you who does the thing. Only then you can look at the pronouns in order to learn to whom something is done and what is done. Now try to answer this question: Is la the same thing in the following sentences? Why? - ¿Compras la casa? Sí, la compro. If you can see the difference, you are ready to continue. The reflexive: Here is a short list of verbs that usually come with a reflexive pronoun. Note that the focus is always on the person. You wouldn’t normally say Peino mi pelo (litterally “I comb my hair) other than in very formal, poetic speech. Instead, we say Me peino or Me peino el pelo (litterally: “I comb myself” or “I comb myself the hair”. Note also that this use of the reflexive pronoun makes de possessive article mi useless. Verbos reflexivos Español acostarse (o ue) afeitarse dedicarse (a) despertarse (e ie) dormirse (o ue) ducharse irse lavarse (los dientes) levantarse llamarse maquillarse peinarse ponerse nervioso sentarse (e ie) vestirse (e i) Finés mennä nukkumaan (‘mennä makuulle.’) ajaa partaa omistautua (johonkin) herätä nukahtaa käydä suihkussa (‘suihkuttaa itseään’) lähteä pestä (hampaat) nousta ‘kutsua itseään joksikin’ meikata kammata (‘itseään’) hermostua istuutua pukeutua Inglés to go to bed (‘to lay oneself’) to shave to devote oneself (to something) to wake up to fall asleep (dormir = sleep) to have a shower (‘to shower oneself’) to leave to wash (your teeth) to get up ‘to call oneself something’ to put some make-up on to comb (‘yourself’) to become nervous to sit down to dress up 3. Their place in the sentence The object pronouns are placed right before the Sentarse verb. Of course there are some exceptions (namely three) but you only need to know one of them: when yo me siento nosotros nos sentamos vosotros os sentáis the verb is in the base form the pronoun is glued to tú te sientas él se sienta ellos se sientan the end. Let’s take the reflexive verb sentarse (to sit down), for instance. Sentarse is a verb in the base form, but it uses a reflexive pronoun se. When the verb bends the pronoun jumps back to the space right before the verb. Los pronombres objeto, por Javier González García 3 In a sentence object pronouns work the same way. - Ducharse a menudo es bueno. (Having a shower often is good.) Hoy no me ducho. (Today I am not having a shower.) When there is a two-verb phrase, usually one of the verbs is conjugated and the other is in the base form. In such cases you have the choice. - Quiero ayudarte or Te quiero ayudar. (I want to help you.) No voy a escucharos or No os voy a escuchar. (I am not going to listen to you.) Both ways are correct but placing pronouns before the verb is slightly more relaxed and colloquial. You only have to make sure that, whatever the place, there isn’t anything between the pronouns and the verb. You can’t say for instance *te no quiero. The object pronouns are stressless and they can’t be pronounced properly if they don’t lean on the verb’s strong syllable. 4. Extra pronouns Sometimes the grammar rules make it compulsory to use a pronoun, although it does not add any new meaning. There are two cases: 1. When the indirect object is specified, the pronoun is also needed. - ¿Vas a darles el dinero a tus padres? (Are you going to give the money to your parents?) - ¿Qué le gusta a Juan? (What does Juan like? or literally ‘What does please Juan’). In these examples we should not need to say to them or to him, because we already specify to whom. However, knowing whom does the action concern is so important we have to confirm it with the pronoun, in order to have people follow our speech. 2. When the word todo (everything/all) is the object, we need to add lo. - Lo quiero todo. (I want it all.) Voy a terminarlo todo hoy. (I am going to finish everything/it all today.) BUT: Todo me molesta. (Everything bothers me. Here, todo is the subject.) Los pronombres objeto, por Javier González García 4 5. Pronoun order Remember the right order always is to whom and then what. If you have two pronouns, both have be together either before a conjugated verb or after a verb in the base form. Some examples: Indirect-object + direct-object pronoun - Te lo prometo. (‘I promise it to you.’) Reflexive + direct-object pronoun - Se hace el café => Se lo hace. (He makes the coffee => He makes it for him/herself). Note again the possessive article is useless here. Indirect-object + direct-object pronoun with a two-verb phrase - Nos lo van a devolver mañana or Van a devolvérnoslo mañana, but NOT *Nos van a devolverlo mañana. 6. Le and Les This is the most difficult rule for foreigners. Le and Les change into se when placed before a direct-object pronoun. Here are some examples. - Le lo doy. => Se lo doy. (I give it to him/her.) Les las dan (las llaves.) => Se las dan. (They give them to them – the keys.) 7. Prepositional forms for emphasis Since the object pronouns are used all the time, we use a + the pronouns’ prepositional forms on top of everything whenever a real emphasis is needed. - A mí me gusta. (I like it, literally ‘It pleases me’.) Os hablo a vosotros. (I am talking to you.) Te lo prometo a ti, no a ellos. (I promise you, not them.) Los pronombres objeto, por Javier González García Formas preposicionales Reflexivas De objeto directo e indirecto a mí a mí a ti a ti a sí a él/ella a nosotros/-as a nosotros/-as a vosotros/-as a vosotros/-as a ellos/-as a ellos/-as 5