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Developmental theories
Psychoanalytic theories
Psychosocial developmental stages
Theorists
Review
MLLD-Chapter 2
Developmental Theories
- Definition: comprehensive explanations about why people
act and behave the way they do and how they change over
time
- Read “Role of Dev Theories”(pg 22-23)
- Answer Checkpoint questions in notes
Psychoanalytic Theories
- Definition: analyze the symbolic meaning behind and
behaviors, believe that early life experiences are important
in development
Freud’s Theory
- He was the pioneer in psychoanalytic theory
- He was a neurologist, helped his patients talk through their
issues
- Believed that what happened in early life affects a person
for years to come
- Althought his theories are not considered scientifically
sound today, he opened the door for a new way of
understanding
Erikson
- Appreciated Freud's work but believed that both early and
later life experiences affect development.
- Felt that development is a social process and people are
motivated by their desire to connect with other people
- Believed that humans develop in 8 stages
-Fill out chart based on pg 24
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz-AeGMhzV0
Exit Slip
Finish reading this section about Erikson’s theory (pg 25-26)
Answer the Checkpoint questions:
1- What do psychoanalytical theorists analyze? What do they often
believe?
2- Which theorist was a pioneer in applying psychoanalytic theory?
3- According to Erikson, which conflict must individual resolve during the
elementary school years?
4- Which conflict must individuals resolve during the teen years?
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Cognitive Theories
Moral Decisions
Cognitive Theories
- Definition: ideas about how people process information,
think, and learn
- Researchers seek to explain the difference in how people
think throughout the lifespan in different stages
- Most well known researcher= Piaget
- Theorist that followed= Vygotsky
Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
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Recognized that kids do not think the same way as adults
-
He started to realize that all babies think similarly, all young children think similarly, and
so on…
-
Stated that people base learning on what they know. As they gain more experience and
knowledge, people's learning changes.
-
Although many researchers have added to his theories, they remain important!
-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjp01fveeuI
Cartoon
- Pg 27, read chart and finish filling it out
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AuhaJYqXQ4
Rap
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
-
Added onto Piaget’s theories
-
Thought that people based learning on not only interacting with things,
but also people and relationships.
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Believed that children were social beings and needed social
interactions starting from birth
-
Children needed to talk and learn and build relationships with parents,
teachers, and other knowledgeable people. Adults voices and lessons
become the child’s inner voice.
-
First between, then within https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKRPwHTMCtI
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
-
Moral decisions= personal decisions that evaluate what is right and
what is wrong
-
Researched (only boys and men) and found that there were 3 levels of
Moral Development
Level 1- Punishment or Reward
-all children are at this level
Level 2- Laws and How they will be perceived
-older children and many youth
Level 3- Based on Justice
-some youth, teens, many adults
*Carol Gilligan researched woman and believed that most woman make moral decisions based
on the care and/or feelings of others
Exit Slip
Answer the questions on pg 28
1. Skip
2. According to cognitive theory, why do young children think differently
from teens?
3. Describe Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory.
4. Skip
5. Describe Kohlberg's 3 levels of thinking that people fo through in
making moral decisions?
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Observable Behaviors
Behaviorism
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social Cognitive theory
How experiences cause people to behave
in certain ways
Observable behaviors= the things people do and say or the
way they act
Behaviorism= the belief that people’s behavior is determined
by forces in the environment that are beyond their control (in
the nature vs nurture argument, behavioralist believe that
nurture wins)
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning= behaviors that are associated with emotional responses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI
-Behaviorists believe classical conditioning can happen directly or indirectly
-Ex. Mom has a fear of the dark. Every time that a mom is in the dark with the child,
she takes a deep breath and talks more frantically. In response, the child begin to
behave the same way and develops the same fear.
-KIDS ARE ALWAYS WATCHING YOU! Your actions become theirs!
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning= the repetition of behaviors when reinforced. People tend to
repeat behaviors that have a positive effect.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
-Often used in American education. Example-Johnny receives a sticker on his paper
when he turns in his homework. Johnny likes getting stickers so he continues to
turn in his homework each day. Teacher gradually stops giving stickers to students
who turn in their homework but Johnny continues to turn in his work each day.
-When you make learning fun and rewarding, children will usually be cooperative!
Bandura- Social Cognitive Theory
-Bandura argued that people are very different from Pavlov’s
dog… they are much more complex!
-Stated that people watch and imitate other people’s behavior
despite having rewards or punishments.
-Monkey see, monkey do= Social Cognitive Theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8
Bobo Doll Experiment
Checkpoint
On pg 31
1. What is behaviorism
2. Who demonstrated the idea of behaviorism through his infamous
experiment with a do? What has this been termed?
3. What is operant conditioning? Who was well-known for
identifying this principle?
4. What is social cognitive theory?
Which Theory is Correct?
Read this section on pg 31
Exit Slip- Check it out questions pg 32