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ES101 9/28/10 Ecology V BRING CLICKERS TO LAB TOMORROW Tutor: Frangelica Odell, M&W, 6-8pm, MH201 • Forest Lab due this week • Be sure to see comments on lab 1 and email your grade to your instructor • Exam 1, one week from today Ecology IV ES101 9/28/10 BRING CLICKERS TO LAB TOMORROW Tutor: Frangelica Odell, M&W, 6-8pm, MH201 • Exam 1, one week from today - Will be a combination of mult. choice, matching and essays. - We will use some of the clicker questions from lectures and lab this week on the exam. WE RECOMMEND USING THE POWERPOINT FILES POSTED ON CAMPUSWEB TO HELP YOU REVIEW THE MATERIAL WE RECOMMEND USING THE POWERPOINT FILES POSTED ON CAMPUSWEB TO HELP YOU REVIEW THE MATERIAL EXTRA CREDIT OPPORTUNITY – 25pts • Attend the film “River of Waste” tonight at 6:30 in Pierce Hall, AND, Write and submit a 2pg summary of the film – DEADLINE: one week from today at 11:55pm • Energy flows in one direction – towards disorder – life requires energy from sun • Nutrients can go in a cycle • Nutrients – elements needed for life • Macronutrients – need A LOT: • Carbon: Backbone of organic molecules; carbohydrates, fats, sugars, etc • Nitrogen: Amino acidsproteins; enzymes; DNA • Phosphorus: DNA; Cell membranes Carbon Cycle Carbon in Air - CO2 photosynthesis Combustion = burning of fossil fuels respiration Plants Diffusion Animals decomposition Dead material Soil Burial, compaction Geologic deposits (fossil fuels, etc.) Water All of the following processes can add CO2 to the air except 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. respiration photosynthesis decomposition diffusion combustion Evolution drives all life forms • Evolution = change in genes of a species over time • Species evolve in response to physical AND biological environment (=other species) • Natural selection = Envt determines which individuals survive and reproduce Nat. seln. results in adaptations – features of organisms that help them survive and reproduce in their environment Lynx/hare exs: • size of feet • thickness of fur • ability to jump Natural Selection • • Proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859 Causes populations to change over time so that they survive better and leave more offspring Conditions for Nat. Seln. 1. Variation in a population (ex: diff. Colors) 2. Variation is passed to offspring via genes 3. Variation is related to survival and reproduction selection by nature If longer ears means more blood circulation, and thus more heat loss, which hare will survive best in the Arctic? A. B. . C. . . A B C If longer ears means more blood circulation, and thus more heat loss, which hare will survive best in the Arctic? A B C A has shorter ears, therefore will lose less heat, survive better in colder temperatures Niche – combination of biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors that determine where a species will live Result of natural selection! http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/1116/images/niche.jpg Type of species relationships: Type of species relationships: Determined by who benefits (+) or is hurt (-) or not affected (0) by the relationship Type of species relationships: Determined by who benefits (+) or is hurt (-) or not affected (0) by the relationship Relationship Species A Species B Predator-prey (and parasitism) + - Competition - - Mutualism + + Commensalism + 0 Predator-Prey: Predator takes energy from the prey – may or may not kill it http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/ Predator-Prey Both species show adaptations to each other = co-evolution; . Predator-Prey Both species show adaptations to each other = co-evolution; ex.: eye position Predator-Prey Both species show adaptations to each other = co-evolution; ex.: eye position impala http://www.grizzlydiscoveryctr.com/gdcwolfpics.html Predator-prey: Parasitism Deer tick – carries Lyme disease – both tick and Lyme bacteria are parasites on deer, humans Insects create galls in plants – lay eggs in plant tissue Which of the following best describes the effect of competition on the two species involved? 1. 2. 3. 4. + + + - 0 + - Competition Species compete for limited resources: Ex.: 1. Plants compete for sun, soil nutrients 2. Birds compete for nesting spaces Result: Have to use energy to compete! So: Evolve to avoid competition by specializing or find ways to “fight the enemy” Mutualism (symbiosis): Both species benefit from the relationship Bottle Gentian and bumblebee Remora and Manta: Remora attaches to Manta, cleans off parasites, gets food scraps Mutualism: Lichen fungus provides structure, some nutrients; algae photosynthesizes http://mgd.nacse.org/hyperSQL/lichenland/html/biology/meeting.html Commensalism: One species benefits, the other species is not affected Epiphyte: Plant that lives up off the ground – Bromeliad and tree Q (can discuss): A vireo is a bird that nests in oak trees. The vireo eats insects that eat the oak leaves. What is the relationship between the vireo and the tree? 1. 2. 3. 4. Predator-prey Competition Mutualism Commensalism http://i.pbase.com/g6/01/744201/2/81770442.Uelav1zB.jpg Keystone species = Species that make it possible for many species to survive in an area (=high diversity) Remove the keystone species, many species disappear www.exzooberance.com/.../beaver http://www.inkycircus.com/jargon/images/starfish.jpg