Download Unit 5 - mortimerna

Lesson 1
Action Verbs
• A verb is the main word in the
predicate of a sentence.
• An action verb tells what the subject
does.
Example:
We walked on the beach.
We ran toward the ocean.
• Sometimes an action verb tells about an
action that you cannot see.
Example:
We wanted seashells.
I wondered about the tides.
Lesson 2
Main Verbs and Auxiliaries
• Some verbs are only one word.
Sometimes several words together
make up the verb.
Example:
Kenneth walked home.
I will be going home soon too.
• A verb that is made up of more than
one word is called a verb phrase.
• The last word in a verb phrase is the
main verb.
• The other verbs are called auxiliary
verbs or helping verbs.
Example:
Bill Moore has arrived home.
The door had been locked.
Common Auxiliary Verbs
am
were
do
has
must
might
is
be
does
had
will
would
are
being
did
can
shall
should
was
been
have
may
could
• Sometimes the auxiliary verb in one
sentence is the main verb in another.
• Be sure to read the whole sentence
before you identify a main verb and
its auxiliaries.
Verb
Main Verb
Auxiliary Verb
did
I did my homework.
I did wait for you.
has
Bob has it.
Bob has taken it.
• Questions are often formed with
auxiliary verbs. In questions, the main
verb and its auxiliaries may be
separated by the subject of the
sentence.
Example:
Should we leave now?
Will the show start early?
Who would like a ticket?
Lesson 3
Direct Objects
• An action verb is often followed by a
word that tells who or what receives the
action.
Fran made the basket.
Lou finished the book.
She returned it to the library.
• The word that tells who or what receives the
action is called the direct object.
• To find the direct object, first find the verb.
Then ask who or what receives the action.
Example:
Ann programmed the computer.
(Ann programmed what?)
Jerry has made a model plane.
(Jerry has made what?)
The music annoys Mr. Nelson.
(The music annoys whom?)
• In some sentences, the direct object is
compound.
Example:
I need oil paints and a brush for my hobby.
(I need what?)
Jane received a guitar and a songbook for her
birthday.
(Jane received what?)
Lesson 4
Transitive and Intransitive
Verbs
• A transitive verb is an action verb that
has a receiver of the action.
• Usually the receiver of the action is a
direct object.
• An intransitive verb has no direct
object. The same verb can be transitive
in one sentence and intransitive in
another.
Example:
Verb
Transitive
Intransitive
spoke
The students spoke French.
They spoke well.
studied
Tom studied grammar.
He studied hard.
Transitive – answers who? or what?
Intransitive – answers where? or how?
• Some action verbs are always
intransitive. They never have direct
objects.
Example:
Intransitive Verbs: Her eyes twinkled.
Carla will listen to her carefully.
Lesson 5
Being Verbs and Linking
Verbs
• Some verbs do not show action. They
show what the subject is or is like.
Verbs called being verbs show a state
of being.
Example:
Mr. Wong is the principal.
He seems kind.
He is here.
• A being verb is often a linking verb. It
links the subject of the sentence with a
word in the predicate that tells more
about it.
Example:
This newspaper feels damp.
It became wet in the rain.
Common Being and Linking Verbs
am
seem
look
is
be
appear
are
being
feel
was
been
taste
were
become
smell
• Linking verbs link the subject with a
word in the predicate.
• The word can be a predicate noun or a
predicate adjective.
• A predicate noun renames the subject.
• A predicate adjective describes the
subject.
• Linking verbs never have direct objects.
Predicate Nouns:
Don is our leader. (Don = leader)
He has become my friend. (He = friend)
Predicate Adjectives:
Ms. Hill was friendly.
She appeared shy to strangers.
Lesson 6
Verb Tenses
• The tense of a verb tells when the
action or the state of being takes place.
“Tense” comes from the Latin word for
time.
• The words present, past, and future all
refer to time.
• The present tense tells that something
is happening now.
Example:
The band arrives.
The dancers perform outdoors.
The gardens are beautiful.
• The past tense tells that something has
already happened.
• Usually the past tense of a verb is
formed by adding –ed. The past tense
of the verb be is was or were.
Example:
The audience applauded.
We stayed until the end.
The play was wonderful.
• The future tense tells that something is
going to happen.
• It is usually formed with the auxiliary
verb shall or will.
Example:
Gail and Tim will be late.
We shall wait for them.
Our friends will save the seats for us.
Lesson 7
Principal Parts of Verbs
• All of the tenses of a verb come from
four basic forms.
• The basic forms are the principal parts
of the verb.
Principal Parts of Verbs
Verb
Present
Participle
Past
Past
Participle
work
(is) working
worked
(has) worked
share
(is) sharing
shared
(has) shared
ride
(is) riding
rode
(has) ridden
know
(is) knowing
knew
(has) known
• The present participle and the past
participle are always used with an
auxiliary verb.
• Most verbs have past and past
participle forms that are formed by
adding –d or –ed. These verbs are
called regular verbs because they follow
this pattern. Notice in the chart that
work and share are regular verbs.
• The past and past participle of some verbs
are not formed by adding –d or –ed. These
verbs are irregular verbs. In the chart, the
verbs ride and know are irregular verbs.
• Remember, when a regular verb ends with a
consonant and y, change the y to i before
adding –ed. When a regular one-syllable
verb ends with a vowel and a consonant,
double the consonant before adding –ed.
Example:
cry – cried
hurry – hurried
hop - hopped
Lesson 8
More Irregular Verbs
• The best way to learn the principle
parts that you do not know is to
memorize them.
• The chart on the next slide shows some
of the principal parts of some irregular
verbs.
VERB
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
be
(is) being
was
(has) been
blow
(is) blowing
blew
(has) blown
do
(is) doing
did
(has) done
drive
(is) driving
drove
(has) driven
fly
(is) flying
flew
(has) flown
freeze
(is) freezing
froze
(has) frozen
have
(is) having
had
(has) had
lend
(is) lending
lent
(has) lent
make
(is) making
made
(has) made
ring
(is) ringing
rang
(has) rung
see
(is) seeing
saw
(has) seen
speak
(is) speaking
spoke
(has) spoken
steal
(is) stealing
stole
(has) stolen
swim
(is) swimming
swam
(has) swum
take
(is) taking
took
(has) taken
tear
(is) tearing
tore
(has) torn
throw
(is) throwing
threw
(has) thrown
write
(is) writing
wrote
(has) written
Lesson 9
Subject-Verb Agreement
• A verb and its subject must agree in number.
• Use a singular verb with a singular subject
and a plural verb with a plural subject.
• A compound subject joined by and takes a
plural verb.
Example:
Singular: The boy calls.
Plural: The boys call.
Singular: The girl plays.
Plural: The boy and the girl play.
• Singular verbs in the present tense
usually end in s or es. However, when
the singular subject is I or you, the
singular verb does not end in s or es.
• Plural verbs in the present tense do not
usually end in s.
Example:
Singular: I laugh.
Plural: The girls run.
• The verb be does not follow the usual rules.
Agreement with the Verb be
Subject
Verb
Sentence
I
am (present)
was (past)
I am well today.
I was sick yesterday.
he, she, it, and all
is (present)
was (past)
It is raining now.
The cat is playful.
She was hungry.
are (present)
were (past)
We are cousins.
You are friendly.
They were teammates.
singular nouns
we, you, they, and all
plural nouns
Lesson 10
More About Subject-Verb
Agreement
• You know that the verb in a sentence
must agree with the subject.
• You have also learned that when the
parts of a compound subject are joined
by and, the verb is plural.
• When or, either…or, or neither…nor is
used to join the parts of a compound
subject, the verb may be singular or
plural.
• Use a plural verb if both parts of the
subject are plural.
Example:
Books or magazines were always on the table.
• Use a singular verb if both parts of the
compound subject are singular. If one part
is singular and one part is plural, make the
verb agree with the subject that is closer to
it.
Example:
Neither Jim nor Sally is ever without a good book.
Neither Ted nor his friends like mystery books.
Neither his friends nor Ted likes mystery books.
• The verb in a sentence beginning with here
or there must also agree with the subject.
Here or there is never the subject of a
sentence. To find the subject, ask, Who or
what is here? or Who or what is there?
Example:
Here is the index. (What is here?)
There is Ms. Ryan. (Who is there?)
There are the card catalogs. (What is there?)
Lesson 11
Contractions
• A contraction is a word formed by
combining two words and shortening
one of them.
• An apostrophe takes the place of the
letter or letters left out.
• Sometimes the verb is shortened.
Examples:
we’re – we are
they’ve – they have
I’ll – I will
• Often a verb and not are combined. The
word not is shortened.
• Most contractions with not are formed by
using an apostrophe to replace the o in not.
Contractions formed with not
isn’t (is not)
can’t (cannot)
aren’t (are not)
couldn’t (could not)
wasn’t (was not)
doesn’t (does not)
weren’t (were not)
hasn’t (has not)
won’t (will not)
haven’t (have not)
• Only the part of the contraction that is
the verb is part of the verb phrase.
• The word not and the contracted form
n’t are never part of a verb phrase.
Example:
He’s mixed the chemicals carefully.
(verb phrase = has mixed)
Kenneth shouldn’t add too much acid.
(verb phrase = should add)
Lesson 12
Sit, Set; Lie, Lay; Rise, Raise
• Some verbs have related but different meanings.
• Three confusing pairs are sit, set; lie, lay; and rise,
raise.
Verb
Definition
Sentence
sit
set
to rest in an upright position
to put or place an object
I sit in the chair.
I set down the cup.
lie
lay
to rest or recline
to put or place an object
I lie on the blanket.
I lay the book down.
rise
raise
to get up or go up
to move something up, to
grow something, or to
increase
We rise early.
They raise their hands.
Farmers raise corn.
Ed will raise his fee.
• To decide which verb to use, ask yourself
what the subject is doing.
• If the subject is placing an object
somewhere, use set or lay.
• If the subject is resting, use sit or lie.
• To decide whether to use rise or raise, ask
yourself, Raise what? If your answer names
something, use raise. If the question has no
answer, you should use rise.
Lesson 13
Lend, Borrow; Let, Leave; Teach,
Learn
• Here are three more verb pairs that are
sometimes confused.
• Lend means “to give.” Borrow means
“to take.”
Example:
Will you lend me your boots? (Will you give them?)
May I borrow them for a hike? (May I take them?)
• Let and leave have different meanings
too. The verb let means “to permit.”
The verb leave means “to go away” or
“to allow to remain in one place.”
Example:
My brothers let me play with them. (They permit.)
Tomorrow we leave for a camping trip. (We go
away.)
I will leave my camera in the tent. (It will remain.)
• The third confusing pair is teach and
learn. Teach means “to give
instruction.” Learn means “to get
instruction.”
Example:
Alice will teach tennis. (She will instruct.)
Babies learn very fast. (They receive instruction.)