Download Lecture Exam 2

LECTURE EXAM 2
Berg Companion Site
(textbook summaries, flashcards, practice quizzes and other resources)
http://www.brookscole.com/cgi-wadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?fid=M20b&flag=student&product_isbn_issn=9780534466695&disciplinenumber=22
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The Scientific Method and Experimental Design
Metabolism
 Enzymes
 Cellular Respiration
 Photosynthesis
Absorption and Transport
Soils
Growth and Development
The Scientific Method and Experimental Design
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What is the reason for using an experimental control?
What does it mean to “control the variables” in an experiment?
What is a hypothesis? Give an example.
Explain the difference between the independent and the dependent variable.
Why is replication important?
You should be able to identify the hypothesis, independent and dependent variables, and constants
and interpret experimental results for the experiments conducted during labs. You should also be
able to discuss possible sources of experimental error.
Enzyme Review Questions
7. Define “catalyst.”
8. What is an enzyme and what does it do?
9. How does an enzyme control reaction rates?
10. What is the relationship between a substrate and the products?
11. What chemical compounds are very important in transferring energy for cellular metabolism? (i.e.
they are like rechargeable batteries for cells)
12. Describe how environmental factors such as temperature and pH influence the rate of enzymemediated reactions.
13. What other factors might affect the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions?
Respiration Review Questions
14. Define respiration.
15. What is the reason cells respire?
16. Why do plants respire?
17. Why do we say that respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis?
18. Energy released from respiration comes from ______, which is/are produced using energy from the
sun.
19. What are the products of respiration?
20. Which has more energy to give off: ADP or ATP?
21. Which has more energy to give off: NADP or NADPH?
22. In what organelle of the cell does aerobic respiration occur?
23. Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur?
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The term “aerobic respiration” means that the process of respiration requires _______.
Compare aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
Which is more efficient?
What is fermentation? Are there different types?
What is glycolysis and where in the cell does it occur?
What environmental factors affect respiration rate in plants?
What is digestion and what is its relationship to cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis Review Questions
31. Define photosynthesis.
32. What is necessary for photosynthesis to occur?
33. What are the products of photosynthesis?
34. In what organelle does photosynthesis occur?
35. What are the thylakoids and stroma, where are they located, what does each they do?
36. What are the grana and stroma lamellae?
37. Describe what occurs in each of the two parts of photosynthesis.
38. Why is one called the "light reaction" and the other sometimes referred to as the "dark" reaction?
39. What is the role of ADP and ATP and NADP and NADPH in photosynthesis?
40. Where does the oxygen given off in photosynthesis originally come from?
41. The "light" reaction is ________ dependent.
42. The "dark" reaction is ________ dependent.
43. What are the three types of photosynthesis?
44. What types of plants use each type?
45. What are the pros and cons of each?
Absorption & Transport Review Questions
46. Plants need to absorb _____ and transport _____.
47. Plants lose water through their __________.
48. How do plants obtain water?
49. What is transpiration?
50. There are several factors by which water is moved in the plant – what are they?
51. How does an osmotic pump help move water in a plant?
52. Loss of turgor pressure causes plants to ______.
53. What is capillary action?
54. Capillary action occurs due to the fact that water is both adhesive and cohesive. Explain how
capillary action works to distribute water in the plant.
55. The smaller the volume of the cylinder, the [greater? less?] the capillary force.
56. How does soil moisture affect water availability for a plant?
57. How does soil type affect water availability for a plant?
58. What other factors determine water availability for a plant?
59. Describe water flow into the roots.
60. What causes stomates to open?
61. What causes stomates to close?
62. During what part of the day are plants most water stressed? Least water stressed?
Growth & Development
63. What is the difference between indeterminate and determinate growth?
64. What is morphogenesis?
65. What are hormones and what do they do?
66. What are the five major types of plant hormones and what does each control?
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What is phototropism?
What is gravitropism?
What are phytochromes and what do they do?
Discuss how plants respond to red and far-red light.
Describe how day length affects plant growth.
What is totipotency?
Explain: nastic movements, senescence, statoliths, thigmomorphogenesis, gravitropism,
phototropism, turgor movements
SOILS – read chapter material and refer to lecture notes and notes in lab activity. I will ask you about the
best soil type for plant growth, the effects of soil texture on porosity and permeability, other soil
characteristics that can affect plant growth. I will also expect you to be able to answer questions about
how soils are formed.
SOME NOTES ON RESPIRATION
Complex food are digested into smaller compounds, which can then be respired
Respiration: the process of breaking down complex molecules resulting in the formation of CO2 + H2O
and the release of usable energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6 CO2 + 6H2O + 686 kcal
sugar
+ oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
Plants fix solar energy from the sun during photosynthesis, but they require energy too, hence they also
respire.
Plants require energy for:
▪ growth
▪ maintenance of tissue
▪ reproduction
▪ transport
▪ absorption , translocation, etc.
There are two types of respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic
▪ aerobic respiration requires oxygen
▪ when a 6-carbon molecule of sugar is respired the first stage of aerobic respiration (glycolysis) is the
splitting of a sugar molecule
[“glyco” = sugar, “lysis” = to cut]
Respiration requires energy, but also results in the release of energy when chemical bonds are broken.
Respiration results in a net gain in usable energy.
Respiration can occur in the absence of oxygen. This type of respiration is called “anaerobic respiration.”
Alcohol fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration.
In alcohol fermentation, alcohol replaces water as a product, hence the two products of anaerobic
respiration are CO2 and alcohol.
Aerobic respiration is always more metabolically efficient than anaerobic respiration
(that is, the ratio of energy released to energy consumed is greater).