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Таблица по истории теоретической грамматики First period (before 20th century) Type Early (prenormative) grammar Authors/linguists Books William Lily “Latin Grammar” William Bullokar “Bref Grammar of English” (1583) Ben Jonson “English Grammars” (1640) Ch. Butler “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution” (1863, переиздана в 1896) Contribution 1. In the mid of the 16th century, Latin grammar was written in English using terminology similar to Latin; he was the founder of the earliest English grammar. 2. His grammar contained 6 cases and 6 genders. 4. 3 concords: nominatives and verbs, adjective and relative pronoun, adjective and its antecedent 1. His grammar consisted of 5 cases and 6 genders. 2. Free use of theory of “signs”. 3. Divided parts of speech dichotomically into declinable and indeclinable parts of speech. 1. English grammar contained 2 cases (17th century). 2. Contained words with number and words without number. 3. Introduced “article” as the ninth part of speech. 4.Applied analysis of descriptive English syntax (a noun with a noun, a noun with an adjective, with an article, with a verb and so on). 5. Gave special attention to word order. 1. Contained words with number and case, and words without number and case. 2. Declinable parts - words with number and case: nouns, pronouns, verbs & participles. 3. Indeclinable parts – adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. J. Wallis Prescriptive Grammar (second half of the 18th century) “Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae” (1653) John Brightland A Grammar of the English Tongue With the Arts of Logic, Rhetoric, Poetry, &C. Illustrated With Useful Notes Giving the Grounds and Reasons of a Complete System of an English Education. (1759) J. Wilkins “An Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language” (1668) Ch. Cooper “Grammatical Linguae Anglicanae” (1685) “Short Introduction To English Grammar” (1762) Robert Lowth 1. Was written in Latin, 2. Category of case was nonexistent 3. ‘s form was treated as a possessive adjective. 1. He supported J.Wallis’s rules of grammar (early 18th century) 2. Reduced the number of parts of speech to 4: indeclinables–names (nouns), qualities (adjectives), affirmation (verbs) & participles ; omitted the traditional terminology. 3.Concepts of sentence and syntax order. 4. Divided sentences into 2 groups: simple (1 noun and 1 verb) and compound (2 or more simple sentences). 5.Defined sentence as “expression of sentiment or thought”. 1. Identification of grammatical notions of: - “nominative case” and - verb with logical subject and predicate. 1. Acknowledged three principal parts of the sentence - subject, predicate and accusative. 1. Main target - reduction of English language to rules, setting up standards of correct usage, codifying and systemizing grammar. 2. Stated the principles of grammar - elaborated the principle parts of the sentence (subject, predicate, object) and mentioned adjuncts on syntactic level. 3. Adopted a two case system for Lindley Murray “English Grammar Adapted To Different Classes of Learners” (1795, 1813) Charles P. Mason “English Grammar” (1858) “Higher English Grammar” (1863) Alexander Bain Joseph Priestley “The Rudiments of English Grammar” (1761) nouns and a three case system for pronouns and the term “possessive case” 4.“Phrases” were used as a grammatical term. 5. Excluded 5 rules and 2 expressions as ungrammatical 1. Adopted a three case system for nouns. 2. Described kinds of phrases and relation between words in phrases. 1. Defined sentences as a logical combination of words that express a complete thought. 2. The number of principal parts of the sentence was reduced to two: subject and predicate. 3. Defined the secondary parts of the sentence. 4. Described subordination and coordination of sentence elements. 5.Introduced syntactic relations such as predicative, attributive, objective and/or adverbial relations. 6. Adjuncts were subdivided into attributive and adverbial adjuncts. 7. Objects were classified according to meaning into: - direct, indirect and prepositional. 8.Subjects and objects were classified trichotomically into: simple, compound (with coordination), complex (with a subordinate clause). 9. New concepts such as completion, expansion, enlargement, extension and modification were introduced reflecting the perception of syntactic processes. Formulated “A Doctrine of General Usage.” Classical Scientific Grammar (end of the 19th century) Prescriptive grammar (modern) Classical Scientific grammar (modern) “New English Grammar, Logical And Historical” (1891), “Words, Logic and Meaning” (article) (1905) 1. It was a descriptive and explanatory grammar. 2. Developed the grammar of a higher type; introduced 3 main features of parts of speech: meaning, form and function 3. Returned all 5 rules and 2 expressions that had been rejected before. 4. Contributed to morphology. 5. The grammarians’ tasks were: development of grammatical concepts, grammatical categories, inflections, form words and grammatical relations between words. Second period (in the 20th century) Sentences contain four distinct J. C Nesfield ”Modern English 1. parts: subject, adjuncts to the subject Grammar” (attributive adjuncts), predicates and (1898) adjuncts to the predicate (adverbial adjuncts). 2. Objects have equal importance with the finite verb. 3. The number of cases of the noun increased to 5. 4. Two new terms: double and multiple sentences substituted the term “compound sentence”. 5. “Double” denoted coordination of two sentences , and “multiple” of more than two sentences. L. G Kimball “Structure of The 1. Discussed problems of the structure of English traditionally. English 2. Showed the influence of logical Sentence” (1900) grammars. Henry Sweet C. T Onion “Advanced English Syntax” (1904) 1. Dealt with striking anticipation of sentence patterns of descriptive linguistics. H. R Stokoe “Understanding of Syntax” (1937) H. Poutsma “A Grammar of Late Modern English” (1937) E. Kruisinga “Syllabus of English Syntax” (1937) Otto Jespersen “Essentials English Grammar” (1933) “Philosophy Grammar” (1924) “Analytic(al) Syntax” (1937) of of 1. Adopted a new nomenclature describing double and multiple sentences. 1. Introduced the term “composite sentence” as a common term for compound and complex sentences. 2. Treated substantive clause, adverbial clause, infinitive clause, gerund clause and participle clause as units of the same kind. 1. Originated the theory of close and loose syntactic groups, the difference between them being based on the distinction between subordination and coordination. 2. Studied the concept of complex sentences. 3. Divided complex sentences dichotomically: into simple and compound sentences. 4. Compound sentences were not considered a syntactic unit at all. 1. Worked at syntax. 2. Listed five parts of speech: substantives, adjectives, verbs, pronouns and particles (adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections). 3. Proposed three principles for classification of parts of speech: meaning, form and function. 4. Introduced “ranks of determination” of parts of the sentence (developed the concept of ranks). 5. According to him, in attributive and subject-predicate groups, the primary part is the leading element while in a verbal group, it is a subordinate element. R.W.Zandvoort Structural Charles C. and Fries Transform ational Grammar “Handbook English Grammar” (1945) of “The Structure of English” (1952) H. Whitehall “Structural Essentials of English’ (1956) N. Chomsky “Syntactic Structure” (1957) 6. Considered analytical syntax: grammatical constructions were transcribed in formulas (parts of sentence and parts of speech were presented by capital and small letters, where S-subject, V-verb, V-auxiliary verb, O-object, I-infinitive etc. and ranks were designated by numerals 1, 2, 3. Supported the introduction of the term “adjunct” 1. Introduced the classification of words into four “form-classes”, designated by numbers and 15 groups of “function words”, designated by letters. 2. Form-classes consisted of nouns & pronouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs while function words include: prepositions, conjunctions, particular kind of pronouns, adverbs and verbs. 3. Retained traditional outlines of analysis of simple sentences. 1. Noted the bridge between the old and new, between the traditional and linguistic approaches that should be erected very cautiously and carefully. 2. The predicate included the verb and its complements. 3. Attributive and adverbial modifiers had no distinct position in the sentence. 1. Sentence has surface and deep structure. “Aspects of The Theory of Syntax” (1965) E. Bach “Introductionato aTransformational Grammars” (1964) 2. Surface structure is complicated and is based on one or more underlined abstract simple structures, however the difference between the surface and deep structures is minimal 3. Provided the process of formation and interpretation of sentences. 4. Described kernel sentences basic elements of English; derivation rules of words, which are not numerous, with the help of which all grammar forms are built. Involved obligatory transformations to the phrase structure strings. 5. Non-kernel sentences involve optional transformations such as active to passive. 6. Transformational operations consist of rearrangement, addition, deletion and combination of linguistic elements. 7. Outlined the theory of bases of language containing elementary phrase structures (kernel sentences loose all significances). 1. Phrase structural rules form a counterpart in the theory of generative grammar (two techniques of linguistic analysis: the old one and rather new one). 2. Transformational grammar is formed of three basic parts: syntactic component, semantic component and phonological component.