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Text Books: 1. Robert L. Boylestad &Louis Nashelsky “Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory” ,Tenth Edition, Pearson Education, 2013 2. H S Kalsi, “Electronics Instrumentation,” Third Edition, TMH Publication 2012 3. George Kennedy, “Electronic Communication System”, Fifth Edition , TMH Publication, 2012 Unit 1 Semiconductor Diode and its application The Physical Principles of Semiconductor Diodes Diode Circuits Zener Diode Varactor Diode Tunnel Diode Liquid Crystal Displays. Unit 2 Bipolar Junction Transistor Transistor Action Transistor Configuration DC Biasing BJT’s Field Effect Transistor MOSFET (Depletion and Enhancement)Type FET ( Field Effect Transistor) Few important advantages of FET over conventional Transistors 1. 2. Unipolar device i. e. operation depends on only one type of charge carriers (h or e) Voltage controlled Device (gate voltage controls drain current) 3. Very high input impedance (109-1012 ) 4. Source and drain are interchangeable in most Low-frequency applications 5. Low Voltage Low Current Operation is possible (Low-power consumption) Less Noisy as Compared to BJT No minority carrier storage (Turn off is faster) Self limiting device Very small in size, occupies very small space in ICs Low voltage low current operation is possible in MOSFETS Zero temperature drift of out put is possible. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Types of Field Effect Transistors (The Classification) FET JFET n-Channel JFET p-Channel JFET MOSFET (IGFET) Enhancement MOSFET n-Channel EMOSFET p-Channel EMOSFET Depletion MOSFET n-Channel DMOSFET p-Channel DMOSFET The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Figure: n-Channel JFET. JFET Transfer Curve This graph shows the value of ID for a given value of VGS Unit 3 Operational Amplifiers Op-Amp Basic Practical Op-Amp Circuits Differential Amplifier Circuits Differential and Common-Mode Operation Terminals on an Op Amp Positive power supply (Positive rail) Non-inverting Input terminal Output terminal Inverting input terminal Negative power supply (Negative rail) Op Amp Equivalent Circuit vd = v2 – v1 v2 A is the open-loop voltage gain v1 Voltage controlled voltage source Typical Op Amp Parameters Parameter Variable Ideal Values A Typical Ranges 105 to 108 Open-Loop Voltage Gain Input Resistance Ri 105 to 1013 ∞ Output Resistance Ro 10 to 100 0 Supply Voltage Vcc/V+ -Vcc/V- 5 to 30 V -30V to 0V N/A N/A ∞ Voltage Transfer Characteristic Range where we operate the op amp as an amplifier. vd Almost Ideal Op Amp Ri = ∞ Therefore, i1 = i2 = 0A Ro = 0 Usually, vd = 0V so v1 = v2 The op amp forces the voltage at the inverting input terminal to be equal to the voltage at the noninverting input terminal if there is some component connecting the output terminal to the inverting input terminal. Rarely is the op amp limited to V- < vo < V+. The output voltage is allowed to be as positive or as negative as needed to force vd = 0V. Unit 4 Digital Voltmeter Digital Multimeters Oscilloscope Multimeters are designed and mass produced. The simplest and cheapest types may include features which are not likely to use. Digital meters give an output in numbers, usually on a liquid crystal display. Switched What do meters measure? A meter is a measuring instrument. An ammeter measures current, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an ohmmeter measures resistance. A multimeter combines these functions, and possibly some additional ones as well, into a single instrument. Multimeter as a Ammeter Turn Power Off before connecting multimeter Break Circuit Place multimeter in series with circuit Select highest current setting, turn power on, and work your way down. Turn power off Disconnect multimeter. Reconnect Circuit Ammeter mode measures current in Amperes. To measure current you need to power off the circuit, you need to break the circuit so that the ammeter can be connected in series. All the current flowing in the circuit must pass through the ammeter. Meters are not supposed to alter the behavior of the circuit, so the ammeter must have a very LOW resistance. The diagrams below show the connection of a multimeter to measure current. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) Time base Display Y-gain My tie Channel1 Channel 2 CRO in a Circuit It can be used as a voltmeter by connecting it across a component. It can be used as an ammeter by measuring the voltage across a resistor of known value. Then use I = V/R to get the current. CRO R CRO Resistor of known value (shunt) R Reading the CRO 1 Peak-toPeak voltage Time Period (ms) To get the time period you need to measure this distance and convert it to time by multiplying by the time base setting Reading the CRO 2 The total height of the wave from peak to trough is 6.4 cm Vpk to pk= 12.8 V V0 = 6.4 V 6.4 cm 1 cycle occupies 2.8 cm T = 1.40 ms = 1.40 10-3 s Frequency = 1 1.40 10-3 s = 714 Hz 2.8 cm The time base controls are set at 5 ms/cm The voltage gain is set at 2 V/cm Summary Mains electricity is always AC. In Europe it is at a frequency of 50 Hz. AC waveforms have peak voltage and RMS voltage. VRMS = 0.7 VPk AC waveforms can be studied with a CRO. Unit 5 Fundamentals of Communication Engineering Communication System Need of modulation Basics of signal representation and analysis modulation and demodulation techniques Communication Systems Basic components: Transmitter Channel or medium Receiver Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted information. Communication Systems Figure 1: A general model of all communication systems. Communication Systems Transmitter The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits that converts the electrical signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a given medium. Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other circuits. Communication Systems Communication Channel The communication channel is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another. Types of media include Electrical conductors Optical media Free space System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar). Communication Systems Receivers A receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the channel and converts it back into a form understandable by humans. Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or detector that recovers the original intelligence signal from the modulated carrier. Communication Systems Transceivers A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates circuits that both send and receive signals. Examples are: • • • • • Telephones Fax machines Handheld CB radios Cell phones Computer modems Communication Systems Attenuation Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all media of wireless transmission. It is proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver. Communication Systems Noise Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system via the communicating medium and interferes with the transmitted message. The Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all frequencies is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Figure 1-13: The electromagnetic spectrum. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency and Wavelength: Frequency A signal is located on the frequency spectrum according to its frequency and wavelength. Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave that occur in a given period of time. A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals, current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations. Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps). The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz). The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle of a wave and is usually expressed in meters. Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle. The wavelength of a signal is represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ). The Electromagnetic Spectrum Figure 1-15: Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency Speed of light = 3 × 108 meters/second Therefore: λ = 3 × 108 / f Example: What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz? λ = 3 × 108 / 4 MHz = 75 meters (m) The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into segments: Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) 30–300 Hz. Voice Frequencies (VF) 300–3000 Hz. Very Low Frequencies (VLF) include the higher end of the human hearing range up to about 20 kHz. Low Frequencies (LF) 30–300 kHz. Medium Frequencies (MF) 300–3000 kHz AM radio 535–1605 kHz. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz High Frequencies (HF) 3–30 MHz (short waves; VOA, BBC broadcasts; government and military two-way communication; amateur radio, CB. Very High Frequencies (VHF) 30–300 MHz FM radio broadcasting (88–108 MHz), television channels 2–13. Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) TV channels 14–67, cellular phones, military communication. 300–3000 MHz The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz Microwaves and Super High Frequencies (SHF) 1–30 GHz Satellite communication, radar, wireless LANs, microwave ovens Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) Satellite communication, computer data, radar 30–300 GHz THANK YOU