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Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ ENVIRONMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY PATTERNS IN THE INDIAN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE AND STUDIES ON MARINE MAMMALS OF THE INDIAN EEZ AND THE CONTIGUOUS SEAS Cruise Report 237 (I leg) ARABIAN SEA SUMMER MONSOON Submitted to Center for Marine Living Resources & Ecology (DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN DEVELOPMENT) Kochi.37 ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1 Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ CRUISE REPORT – 237 (LEG I) Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ Cruise Track of 237 - Ist LEG 21 20 Latitude (°N) 19 18 17 16 15 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Longitude (°E) Diurnal Stations. Normal Stations ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1 Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION The cruise 237 of FORV Sagar Sampada was aimed to study Environment and Productivity patterns, in the Arabian Sea during summer monsoon (August, 2005). In addition, data was also collected for Marine Mammals as a part of studies conducted by Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. This cruise started on 10th August from Cochin with an aim of covering 17 stations in Leg I in the northern 4 transects (21ºN, 19ºN, 17ºN and 15ºN) under MR-LR programme. CTD was operated at all the stations and water samples from standard depths were collected for the study of Physical, Chemical and Biological parameters. Primary productivity studies were carried out by insitu incubation (Mooring). Multiple Plankton Net (MPN) and Bongo nets were operated at all stations to get the vertical and transverse profile of the zooplankton abundance. Physical Oceanography Mr. Muraleedharan.K.R National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi. During the first leg of cruise 237, eighteen stations were sampled in 4 transects. The major objective of this cruise was to observe the environmental processes in the northern Arabian Sea during summer monsoon. Forty CTD casting were recorded in a spatio-temporal scale and data was processed with a bin average of 1m depth. The wind speed, direction and humidity were measured using Anemometer, Psychrometer respectively. Surface meteorological parameters including SST were measured manually and compared with the data from automated Integrated Data Acquisition Software (IDAS). The salinity values from the CTD were corrected against the values obtained from the ship borne Autosal. ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1 Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ Salient features Maximum Sea Surface Temperature (SST) of 28°C was observed at coastal station of the Goa transect and minimum of 27°C was observed at northern and offshore stations of all transects. Strong, westerly wind (10m/s) was recorded in the northern transect while off Goa transect wind was weak (3m/s) and northerly in direction. Shallow Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) of 15m was observed at coastal stations and deep MLD of 75m was observed at open ocean stations The depth of 15°C isotherm (Thermo cline) showed a strong coastal-open variation with maximum at 265m depth in the open ocean and 175m depth in the coastal station. Sea Surface Salinity showed maximum value of 36.8psu in the open ocean waters and minimum of 34.9psu in the coastal waters. Atmospheric Pressure (AP) showed a strong gradient in the open ocean stations than coastal stations. Low AP of 1000mb was recorded in the northern transect and high AP of 1010mb was recorded at southern transect. Northern transects showed high humidity above 80% and southern transects showed low humidity below 80% during the cruise period. Chemical Oceanography Dr. Maheswari Nair, Ms.Josia Jacob National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi Around 250 water samples were collected from standard depths upto 1000 m off Veravel to off Goa using CTD rosette sampler fitted with 1.7 litres Niskin bottles. Samples for dissolved oxygen were immediately fixed with Winkler A and Winkler B reagents and subsequently analyzed onboard with sodium thiosulfate solution and starch indicator using Dosimat 665 titration unit. pH was ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1 Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ estimated using PHM 84 Meter after calibrating using buffer standards of pH 7 and 9. Nutrients (Nitrate, Nitrite Phosphate and Silicate) were analyzed by Segmented flow Auto analyzer (SKALAR) after calibration using standard solutions and using standard procedures onboard. Samples for nitrous oxide were collected from selected stations (off Mumbai and off Ratnagiri), the analysis of which will be done in the lab using Gas Chromatograph. Salient features Dissolved Oxygen showed higher concentrations (>200µM) at surface waters of all transect and this is followed by an intense oxygen deficiency in the intermediate layers (150-750m) with DO concentrations as low as <5µM. Even the shallow shelf waters was found to be oxygen deficient. The pH values in all transect ranged from 8.10 to 7.40 with maximum values observed in surface well mixed waters (0 to 50m) followed by minimum values in deeper layers. Low concentration of nutrients was observed in the surface waters (050m) of all transects (nitrate ~ 0.0 –0.5µM, phosphate ~ 0.2 - 0.8µM, silicate 2 -3.0µm) followed by increase in concentration at intermediate depths reaching higher values at 1000m (nitrate~38.0µM, phosphate~3.2µM, silicate~75.0µM). Secondary nitrite was observed in the intermediate oxygen deficient waters (150-750m) with DO concentrations even less than 10µM. Biological Oceanography Mrs. C.R. Ashadevi, Mr.H. Habeebrehman, Miss .K.J Jayalakshmi & Miss P. Jasmine ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1 Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi. Primary productivity studies PP measurements were carried out at all transects (4), at inshore and offshore stations (total eight). 14C technique was followed for the productivity studies by incubating the samples from sunrise to sunset from seven discrete depths (surface, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100 & 120 meters). After inoculating the sample with 1 ml of NaH14CO3 (activity 5 µC) the light and dark bottles were kept for insitu incubation for 12 hrs. After filtering the samples through 47 mm Whatman GF/F filters (0.7 µm) and the filters were exposed to HCl fumes to remove inorganic carbon and kept in 8 ml capacity scintillation vials for later isotopic analysis at the shore lab. For the estimation of chlorophyll a one-litre each of seawater collected from the same depths was filtered through 47 mm Whatman GF/F (with a few drops of MgCO3), and the filter preserved for its extraction in 90 % acetone and quantification using spectrophotometer. For the estimation of Particulate Organic Carbon 1 litre of seawater (seven depths) was filtered and the filters were stored in freeze till its analysis in shore lab by wet oxidation. Phytoplankton Identification 250 ml of seawater was collected from each of the 7 depths at the PP stations using CTD rosette sampler and preserved in Lugol’s Iodine solution. The qualitative and quantitative study of the Phytoplankton will be carried out at the shore lab. Microzooplankton identification 8 litre of seawater collected using the CTD from the 7 depths at each of the PP stations were sieved through 20 µm mesh and preserved in Lugol’s iodine solution, to be analysed at the shore laboratory. Secondary productivity studies ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1 Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ Zooplankton samples were collected from all stations by using Multiple Plankton Closing Net (Hydro bios), Bongo Net, and WP Net. Bongo net was operated horizontally for 10 minutes at 2 knots ship speed at all stations for the collection of zooplankton especially for fish eggs and larvae. After the measurement of live biomass, zooplankton samples were preserved in 4% formalin-seawater. WP Net was operated vertically from 50m to surface at selected stations for bioluminescence studies. MPN (mesh size 200 micron and mouth area 0.25 m2) was used for the stratified sampling of zooplankton from five different standard water columns (0 – TT, TT – BT, BT – 300, 300 – 500 and 500 – 1000m). The hauling speed of MPN was limited to one meter per second. After the measurement of live biomass, the zooplankton samples were preserved in 4 % formalin-seawater. Salient Features Swarms of bioluminescent ostracods were observed off Ratnagiri at Station no. 1720 D (Lat. 17º N; Long. 69ºE). Displacement volume of Bongo samples at same station (1720 D) showed very high values (210ml and 335ml) in night collection. Abundance of Noctiluca sp. were observed in the surface waters along the offshore stations in the Goa transect (15º N). Bioluminescent studies Pramod.S National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi. Eight WP Net operations were done during the first leg of the cruise 237 (Veraval – Goa). Maximum displacement volume (32ml) was obtained at station 1712, (19°04’N, 69°19’E), bioluminescent Doliolids spp were obtained at same station. Bioluminescent Ostracod swarms were obtained at Station 1720 ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1 Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ (17°00N, 69°00E) and the samples were preserved for further biochemical and microbiological studies. Details of the station location and DV are given below. Date Station No 1709 Latitude (°N) 21°00 Longitude (°E) 69°00 Depth (m) 206 Time (Hrs) 22:00 DV (ml) 20 15-08-‘05 16-08-‘05 1710 21°00 69°00 1738 22:45 30 18-08-‘05 1712 19°00 69°00 2704 22:00 32 20-08-‘05 1715 19°00 72°00 67 18:20 10 22-08-‘05 1717 17°00 72°00 118 0:35 6 23-08-‘05 1720 17°00 69°00 2538 23:00 30 25-08-‘05 1722 15°00 71°00 2590 20:00 30 28-08-‘05 1725 14°53 73°00 60 1:00 15 Microbiological Studies Baby Divya National Institute of Oceanography, Goa The main objective for carrying out this work is to understand the bacterial diversity in the oxygen minimum waters and sediments of eastern Arabian Sea. Water samples were collected from four stations: off Veraval (20° 58’N, 68° 16’E), off Mumbai (19° 00N, 69° 00’E), off Ratnagiri (17° 00’N, 69° 00’E) and off Goa (15° 00’N, 71° 00’E) at depths 50m and 750m. Water samples as well as sediment samples were also collected from 1000m and 60m depths respectively in the stations (15° 00N, 72° 45’E) and (14° 53’N, 73° 34’E). A grab was operated for the former and box corer for the latter for sediment collection. The ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1 Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ above samples were fixed for the enumeration of total count and total viable counts of bacteria and plated for the enumeration of colony forming units. Further analysis would be carried out in the laboratory (National Institute of Oceanography, Goa). Marine Mammals Afsal V.V CMFRI Mandapam Camp Survey Methods: Watching of whales and dolphins during daylight was carried out mainly from the bridge of the vessel. A binocular and camera were employed to observe and capture appearance of these animals in the form of spouts, dorsal fin, upper body, flipper, and flukes wherever possible. The data recorded at the time of sighting were: o Date and time of sighting o Place (nearest landmark) and Latitude & Longitude o Number of animals and distance from vessel o Depth of the area o Movement of the animals and the duration of sighting o Weather conditions Published pictures of whole animals, size of spouts and shape of dorsal fin and caudal flukes of different species were used to identify the cetaceans sighted. Only if the species of a whale or dolphin is unmistakably identified based on the reported description, its name was recorded. In case there was a doubt the species name was mentioned, accompanied by “possible”. All others were treated as “unidentified”. Result ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1 Environment and Productivity patterns of Indian EEZ ________________________________________________________________________ Only a school of dolphins-unidentified were sighted at an area , off Ratnagiri (17º00N & 70º47E) on 23-08-05. Rest of the days there was no sighting of marine mammals. The sea was moderately rough for the first 10 days after that it subsided. SIGHTING RECORDS OF MARINE MAMMALS DATE 23rd AUG 2005 TIME GMT & LOCAL 2:27 7:57 LAT LONG (°N) (°E) & 17º00 70º47 Place: Goa Date: 29th Aug. 2005. AREA Off Ratnagiri DEPTH (m) 270 SPECIES REMARKS Dolphinsunidentified 5-6 individuals were observed at 11ºclock position & about 100 m away from the vessel, only for one minute. Moving westwards along the vessel. Dark gray in colour. Weather was cloudy Dr. Maheswari Nair Chief scientist Cr. No. 237 (Leg 1) ________________________________________________________________________ Preliminary report of Cruise 237 – LEG 1