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Name 3 structures of the respiratory system and explain the function of each. 1 Learning Target •I can explain the structures and functions of the respiratory system. 2 Structure and Function The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide. Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration Inspiration- the process of taking in air Expiration- the process of blowing out air 3 Objectives The process of moving air in and out of the lungs. 4 External Respiration External Respiration Air from the outside environment enters the nose or mouth during inspiration (inhalation). The Nose •Also called external nares •Divided into two halves by the nasal septum •Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed cilia •Contains which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies 5 Apnea: Lack of breathing Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen in the body 6 Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin 7 Indication of respiratory distress: Nasal flare Tripoid Position Pursed lip breathing Use of accessory muscles 8 Nasal Flare 9 Pursed Lip Breathing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxPRng3FRD4 10 Tripoid Position 11 Assessory Muscles ***HOW TO SPOT A CHILD STRUGGLING TO BREATHE*** - YouTube 12 Pharynx Pharynx Also known as the throat is a passageway for both air and food Three Sections of the Pharynx Nasopharynx -contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in the body’s immune defense Oropharynx -back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine tonsils which aid in the body’s immune defense 13 Epiglottis The epiglottis, a movable flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx (voice box) prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing. Occasionally, a person may swallow and inhale at the same time so some food may enter the larynx and choking occurs. Aspiration occurs when food or fluid enters the lung instead of the stomach. 14 Larynx Larynx Serves as a passageway to the trachea and the area where sounds are produced Voice Box Posterior Portion of Tongue False Vocal Cords Glottis True Vocal Cords 15 Trachea larynx Trachea trachea •Also known as the windpipe •Connects the larynx to the right and left bronchi bronchi 16 Internal Respiration Internal Respiration Air from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect to lung capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged and oxygen is delivered to the body cells. alveolus capillaries 17 Lungs Lungs •Consist of a right and left lobe •Covered by a double layer of membrane that makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier. The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner layer is the visceral pleura •The space between the two pleurae is called the pleural cavity •Pleurisy occurs when there is friction inside the pleural cavity. Very painful 18 Inhale/Exhale The passage of air from the external environment to the lung capillaries, bloodstream and out consists of one inhalation and one exhalation. 19 Muscles for Breathing Muscles for Breathing The major Bronchioles muscles that Alveoli contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity during inspiration Lungs are the: Pharynx Larynx Trachea (windpipe) Right and left bronchi •Diaphragm Note: The diaphragm lowers itself when it contracts during inhalation 20 Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Tests Methods Used to Diagnose Respiratory Disorders: •Auscultation •Assessing respiratory rate •Percussion •Sputum analysis Normal Adult respiratory rate is 12 to 20 respirations per minute. 21 Pulmonary Function Tests Pulmonary function tests measure the mechanics of breathing. Peak flow meter •measures the capacity for breathing Spirometer •a pulmonary function testing machine that measures the lungs volume and capacity 22 Pulse Oximetry: Measures the saturation of O2 inside the body 23 Abnormalities/Masses Abnormalities such as masses and restricted blood flow within the lungs can be detected via: •Chest x-rays •MRI •Lung scans Structures of the respiratory system can be observed via: •Endoscopy •Bronchoscopy 24 Laboratory Tests Laboratory Tests •Throat Cultures •Sputum Sample •Arterial Blood Gases 25 Pathology adenoiditis epiglottitis bronchitis Inflammatory laryngitis Conditions rhinitis pharyngitis pneumonitis sinusitis tonsillitis laryngotracheobronchitis 26 eupnea Breathing Patterns Breathing Patterns hyperpnea bradypnea dyspnea tachypnea apnea hypopnea Other Conditions orthopnea •Hypoventilation •Hyperventilation •Hypoxemia 27 Upper Respira http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qbn1Zw5CTbA tory Infection Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the respiratory tract. Other Conditions: •Croup •Diptheria •Epistaxis •Rhinorrhea •Pertussis •Rhinitis 28 Chronic Obstructive Puhttp://s.ytimg.com/yts/img/favicon-vfldLzJxy.ico Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as: •Emphysema •Chronic Bronchitis Asthma causes narrowing of the bronchi leading to dyspnea, wheezing and coughing. Normal bronchiole Asthmatic bronchiole, showing constriction 29 Hemoptysis Hemoptysis Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of blood. Cystic Fibrosis Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction. Atelectasis Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a lung. Pneumonia Acute infection of the alveoli. 30 Pathology • TB: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It may spread to other organs. • ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood. • Lung Cancer: Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs. The lungs are located in the chest. Most lung cancer begins in the cells of the bronchi. 31 Disorders of the Pleura Disorders of the Pleura Pneumothorax •Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity. Empyema •Pus in the pleural cavity. Hemothorax •Blood in the pleural cavity. Pleural Effusion •Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity. 32 Otorhinolaryngologists Pulmonologists are physicians that specialize in disorders and diseases of the lungs. Surgical Removal Conditions •Tonsillectomy •Laryngectomy •Adenoidectomy •Pneumonectomy •Lobectomy 33 bronchoplasty Surgical Repair laryngoplasty Surgical Repair rhinoplasty septoplasty tracheoplasty 34 Surgical Incisions Surgical Incisions •Laryngotracheotomy •Sinusotomy •Thoracotomy •Tracheotomy Tracheostomy tube •Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to establish an 35 airway. Pharmacology Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are used for respiratory disorders just as with other system disorders. Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions: Bronchodilators •Dilate the bronchial walls Expectorants •Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus 36 Mechanical Devices Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration Ventilators •Actually serve as a breathing substitute for patients who can not breathe on their own. Nebulizers •Deliver medication through the mouth or nose to ease breathing problems 37 Agents to Treat Respiratory Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions Conditions Antitussive Expectorants (relieves coughing) Decongestants (decreases and prevents mucus buildup) (promotes coughing and expelling of mucus) 38 Apply Your Knowledge Identify the following respiratory structures: A. B. C. 39 Apply Your Knowledge Answers • A Trachea • B Bronchus • C Alveoli 40 Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 An obstruction in which of the following would be MOST fatal? A . BRONCHIOLE B. TRACHEA C. BRONCHI 41 Answer B. Trachea 42 Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 Mr. Davis has had hoarseness for the past six months. He recently went to his physician and received a diagnosis of cancer of his voice box. Which of the following procedures might be indicated for Mr. Davis? A. Pharyngectomy B. Pneumonectomy C. Laryngectomy 43 Answer Answer: C. Laryngectomy 44 Apply Your Knowledge Part 4 Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions. She visits a local pharmacy looking for something to help her with her dry cough. Which of the following types of medication should Melissa consider taking? A. Expectorant B. Antitussive C. Antibiotic 45 Answer: A. Expectorant 46