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Transcript
Name: ____________________________________________ Period: ____ Date: ______________ Introduction to Biology Lesson 1: Unifying Principles of Biology…Read Lesson 1, pages 1-9 and explore all embedded links. Four Unifying Principles of Biology The “Big Ideas” 1. What are the four unifying principles of biology? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ -Evolution 2. Who developed the theory of evolution? _____________________________________________ 3. What is the main driving force of evolution? __________________________________________ 4. What are the four other factors that drive evolution? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Define phylogeny. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. What major misconception about evolution exists today? ______________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: 7. Why is evolution considered one of the unifying themes of biology? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ -Free Energy 8. What occurs through the gathering, storage, and manipulation of free energy? ______________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the initial source for free energy in biological life processes? _____________________ 10. Your text states that : “Free energy is used by living organisms through a chain of coupled reactions or processes which pass free energy from one form to another.” a. Explain how and what photosynthetic organisms use free energy for? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. What does the process of cellular respiration use free energy for? ______________________________________________________________________________ 11. Define bioenergetics. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 12. Look at the diagram below and explain what this diagram shows. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 13. What do homeostatic mechanisms regulate through the use of feedback mechanisms? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 14. Where does the energy come from for homeostatic processes? ___________________________ 15. Define feedback mechanisms. ______________________________________________________________________________ 16. Looking at and reading Figure 1.9 on page 5 of your textbook, identify as many feedback mechanisms as you can in this diagram below: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2 CHECKPOINT: 17. Why is free energy considered one of the unifying themes of biology? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ -Information 18. What molecule stores the biological information that flows from one living organism to another? ______________________________________________________________________ 19. What can this molecule do? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 20. Define chromosome. ______________________________________________________________________________ 21. Define gene. ______________________________________________________________________________ 22. Define transcription. ______________________________________________________________________________ 23. Define translation. ______________________________________________________________________________ 24. What does the ‘central dogma of biology’ state? ______________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: 25. Why is ‘information’ considered one of the unifying themes of biology? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ -Systems 26. Define ‘hierarchy of life’. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3 27. The hierarchy of life extends from _________________ to __________________ levels of organization. 28. Which levels of organization represent the highest organizational complexity in Diagram 1 below? _____________________________ in Diagram 2 below? _________________________ Diagram 1 Diagram 2 29. What two biological system interactions helps to create genetic diversity? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4 30. Define biodiversity. ______________________________________________________________________________ 31. What is symbiosis? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 32. What is competition? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: 33. Why are ‘systems’ considered one of the unifying themes of biology? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Lesson 2: Discovery of Cells and Microscopes…Read Lesson 2, pages 10-15 and explore all embedded links. DISCOVERY OF CELLS 1. What is the basic unit of the structure and function of all living things? _____________________ 2. Who gave cells their name? _______________________________________________________ 3. What did Leeuwenhoek discover? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ -The Cell Theory 4. The ideas of three scientists led to the development of the cell theory, who were these scientists? _____________________________________________________________________ 5. List below what the cell theory states: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5 CHECKPOINT: 6. Thinking back to Lesson 1 and the four unifying principles of biology: evolution, free energy, information, and systems; under which unifying principles would the cell theory be classified? Explain the reasoning behind your choice. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ -Microscopes 7. What do electron microscopes use to view extremely small objects? ______________________ 8. Why did we need to develop electron microscopes in the 1950s? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 9. What were scientists now able to see because of electron microscopes? ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. What new field of biological study arose because of electron microscopes? ______________________________________________________________________________ 11. Why are compound light microscopes called compound light microscopes? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 12. Name the two most powerful types of microscopes in the world before Lawrence Berkeley National Labs built their $27 million electron microscope. ______________________________________________________________________________ 13. Which powerful electron microscope can produce 3-D images of a specimen? ______________ 14. Which powerful electron microscope produces only one dimensional images? ______________ 15. What is the electron microscope called that Lawrence Berkeley National Labs built called? ______________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: 16. Why are microscopes important to biological studies? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6 Lesson 3: The Nature of Science…Read Lesson 3, pages 16-22 and explore all embedded links. 1. What is the goal of science? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Define science. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ -The Goal of Science 3. Name the four things that all scientific studies involve. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Define skepticism. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. True/ False Nature can be understood by discovering natural laws. 6. Define scientific law. ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. True/ False Scientific ideas never change. 8. What is a scientific theory? _____________________________________________________________________________ 9. What types of things can science answer questions about? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. What types of questions cannot be answered by science? ______________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: 11. Explain why science cannot provide answers to all questions. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7 -The Scientific Method 12. Define scientific investigation. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 13. List all the steps of the scientific method and briefly explain each step. a. ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ e. ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ f. ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: 14. Explain how a hypothesis could become a theory. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ -Experiments 15. What is a variable in an experiment? ______________________________________________________________________________ 8 16. Define dependent variable. ______________________________________________________________________________ 17. Define independent variable. ______________________________________________________________________________ 18. What is a sample in an experiment? ______________________________________________________________________________ CHECKPOINT: 19. Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following experiment: A scientist grew bacteria on gel in her lab. She wanted to find out if the bacteria would grow faster on gel A or gel B. She placed a few bacteria on gel A and a few on gel B. After 24 hours, she observed how many bacteria were present on each type of gel. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ -Other Types of Scientific Investigations 20. What are the other two types of scientific investigations mentioned in your textbook and briefly describe each type. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 9