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Diesel Vehicle Emissions, Air Pollution & Climate Change Green Budget Europe Event Dr. Aonghus McNabola School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin 15th Sept 2016 Diesel Emissions, Air Pollution & Climate Change • What do we mean by ‘air pollution’ ? • GHGs vs human health or environmental impacts • Why is there a nexus between air pollution policy and climate change policy ? • Why are we concerned about diesel vehicles in particular ? Air Pollution Environmental Pressures • Air pollution is a significant threat to public health worldwide. • Air pollution is ranked as the 8th most important risk factor in premature death by the WHO. • Most problematic pollutants in Ireland are particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10) and NOx. • Dominant particulate matter sources in Ireland include: sea salt, petrol & diesel vehicles, biomass burning, secondary nitrate & sulphate, industrial sources, crustal sources. • Diesel exhaust has been declared a probable carcinogen to humans and has well established links to premature cardiovascular-related deaths • 94% of diesel particles are known to be in the more toxic PM2.5 size fraction Air Pollution Particulate Matter • Particulate matter is very small solid or liquid particles suspended in the air we breath • Damaging to heart health • Europe wide problem • Considered more toxic with decreasing diameter of particles • Composed of a variety of compounds depending on the source Air Pollution Policy & Climate Change Policy CO2 vs the rest… • Integration of air pollution and climate change policy a global problem • Some climate change policy has positive impacts on air pollution and vice versa. • Some climate change policy has negative impacts on air pollution and vice versa. • Known examples: • Atmospheric Aerosols (particulate matter) • Air tightness in new buildings • Dieselisation of vehicle fleets Incentivisation of Diesel Vehicles Irish context • Changes to Irish road tax structure in 2008 was predicted to result in the incentivisation of smaller engined new-vehicle purchases and a shift from petrol to diesel • Policy designed to reduce CO2 emissions from the sector and has been effective. • However the impact of the dieselisation of the fleet on human health is a major concern, for two reasons: • 1. Diesel vehicles emit much more PM2.5 and NOx than Petrol 2. We already had a problem with these two pollutants in parts of Ireland The EPA national emissions inventory for 2013 showed that the private diesel passenger car is now the single largest contributor to road transport emissions of CO2 and PM. Incentivisation of Diesel Vehicles EPA Road Transport Emissions Inventory Recession & New Tax Structure Incentivisation of Diesel Vehicles The Irish Vehicle Fleet • Distribution of vehicle types in Irish Vehicle fleet in 2014, dominated by EURO 3 & 4 standard (>43%). EURO Class % Conventional 0.10% PC Euro 1 0.60% PC Euro 2 15.20% PC Euro 3 28.20% PC Euro 4 37.70% PC Euro 5 18.20% PC Euro 6 0.00% • Irish problem comprises incentivisation of new diesel vehicle purchases & lower fuel tax (incentive in secondhand market) Incentivisation of Diesel Vehicles The Irish Vehicle Fleet – Petrol vs Diesel (2014) Petrol EURO Class % Diesel EF for PM2.5 (g/km) % EF for PM2.5 (g/km) Conventional 0.11% 0.0100 0.03% 0.1875 PC Euro 1 0.85% 0.0100 0.20% 0.0797 PC Euro 2 22.48% 0.0100 4.36% 0.0559 PC Euro 3 35.19% 0.0088 17.92% 0.0457 PC Euro 4 33.80% 0.0088 43.55% 0.0422 PC Euro 5 7.58% 0.0090 33.94% 0.0103 PC Euro 6 0.00% 0.00% Incentivisation of Diesel Vehicles Petrol vs Diesel • Difference between petrol and diesel particle emissions in newer vehicles decreasing but still very significant. • Petrol emits higher amounts of other pollutant types than diesel e.g. benzene • Emissions from both fuel types are harmful but have differing quantities of important pollutant types and differing health impacts. • We have had a problem with PM2.5 and NOX for many years, incentivising diesel makes this worse Acknowledgements We would like to thank the EPA for funding this research and the previous projects on which it builds Thank You