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Approaches and History of Psychology Modern Psychology The science of ________ and _________ processes. – ____________behaviors Mental Processes – (Cognition) ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Behavior Psychology is a Science – Why? It seeks to ____________, ____________, and ________ behavior and the mental processes underlying behavior. Limits of Intuition and Common Sense _____________ Bias tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it the “________________” phenomenon ______________ we tend to think we know _____ than we do Nature-Nurture Debate Nature – Influence of _________ on behavior. Nurture – Influence of __________ on behavior. Philosophy to Psychology Socrates & Plato – “Humans possess innate (_________) knowledge.” Aristotle – “All knowledge comes from ____________. “We derive truth thru systematic observation” Laid the basis for the scientific method . Dualism Divides the world and all things in it into two parts _______and _________. Rene Descartes “I think therefore I am” Physical world follows a set of observable laws or rules. The mind is not observable and is not subject to natural laws. _________________interact – Dualism. ________________ – where they interact. Francis Bacon One of the founders of modern science. His ideas led to __________ – science flourishes through observation and _____________. John Locke Empiricism – The acquisition of truth through observations and experiences. ‘_____________’- blank slate. Used this term to describe the mind of a child. Thomas Hobbes Materialism – The only thing that exists are _________ and _________. "The universe is corporeal; all that is real is material, and what is not material is not real." --The Leviathan Natural Selection Charles Darwin “Origin Those of Species” who are best _______ to their environment are more likely to reproduce. Germany and the Roots of Psychology Psychophysics – _________________ – The physiology of sensations. “Elements of Psychophysics” ____________________ – Theory on color perception. _____________________ Opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Liepzig (c. 1879) Wilhelm Wundt Viewed as the founder of Psychology Defined Psychology as the “_______________” Explore psychic phenomena only ________________ Wundt’s theory The mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations. Structuralism Wundt’s theory brought to America Concerned with the “structure” of the mind and its parts. _____________ - Careful self-examination and reporting of one’s conscious experience. (Structuralism) Ex. Show someone a light and ask them to report their conscious reactions to the stimulus (what it looked like, how long it lasted) Edward Titchener Student of Wundt’s Brought __________ to _____________ Concerned with the “___________” of the mind and its parts __________________ Wrote the first textbook in psychology Functionalism _____________________ theory Focuses on the ______________ of behavior Heavily influenced by _________ (Natural Selection) Believed Introspection was unreliable Popular ‘James’ Ideas _____________ – Behaviors are chosen if they work for you. “Stream of Consciousness” ____________ The brain perceives the world in meaningful patterns or wholes “The whole is more than a sum of its parts.” German for “___________” Max Wertheimer Discovered on a __________ History of Psychology: Behaviorism Psychology must study _______________ objectively Stimulus – Response Founded by _______________ Dominated Psychology from 1920’s – 1960’s Currently called “Learning” Behaviorism Pavlov – _______________________ John Watson – Classical conditioning applied to “______________” B.F. Skinner – ____________conditioning Expanded to behaviorism to include Reinforcement – stimuli that encourages or discourages certain responses “_______________________________” Behavioral Example An outgoing person is so because they were _____________ for interacting with others. Psychoanalysis ______________’s theory Concerned with individuals and with their mental problems. Currently called _________________ Psychoanalysis Drew a distinction between consciousness – awareness to__________________– and unconscious – mental processes to which we _________ have access. Psychodynamic Example A shy person avoids social situations because of a _____________ (memory ______ down ______________________) memory of trauma in childhood involving a social situation. Psychology Today: Humanist Perspective Stressed individual _______ and _________________ Currently called “____________ Psychology” Humanistic Abraham Maslow ____________ ________ – Need to reach one’s full potential Accepting yourself, knowing your __________ and ___________ Humanistic Carl Rogers Preacher turned psychologist Stressed Unconditional _____________________ (love) His ideas are commonly used in therapy Humanistic Example A person may choose to not be outgoing because they find that their social needs are better met by contact with a few close friends rather than large groups. Biological Perspective Look for purely physiological processes to explain behavior Looks at human cognition and reaction in terms of genes, ___________________________ Biological Example An outgoing person may be so because of their ______ inherited from their parents and the genes effects on certain ________________ in the brain. Behavioral Genetics How genes and ___________ contribute to individual differences Cognitive Perspective Examines human thought and behavior in terms of how we _________________________ events. Cognitions – “________________” Replace the __________ approach as the predominant approach. Cognitive Example Ex. An outgoing person “sees’ the world in a way that being outgoing makes sense. Evolutionary Perspective Examines human thoughts and actions in terms of ____________ selection. Traits that are advantageous for survival are passed down from parents to the next generation. Evolutionary Example If someone is outgoing they might make friends, improving their chances for ___________. Social-Cultural Perspective Looks at how our thoughts and behaviors very from people living in other ___________. Deals with the influence of ____________ on an individual’s behavior. Social-Cultural Example An outgoing person might be examined by studying a person’s ________ about social interaction. How much _______ does the culture place on being part of a group versus being an individual? ___________ Someone who believes that no one perspective has all the answers to the variety of human thought and behavior. Therefore they pick and choose from the different perspectives. Types of Research ______ Research – Adds to psychology knowledge base _________ Research – Aims to solve practical problems Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Subfields Basic Research __________ psychologists explore the links between brain and mind _____________ psychologists study changing abilities from womb to tomb ________ psychologists study how we perceive, think, and solve problems Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Subfields Basic Research ____________ psychologists investigate our persistent traits _________ psychologists explore how we view and affect one another Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Subfields Applied Research _______________________________ psychologists study and advise on behavior in the workplace _________ psychologists study, assess, and treat people with psychological disorders Contemporary Psychology Psychiatry A branch of __________ dealing with psychological disorders Practiced by _________ who sometimes use medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychotherapy