Download Approaches and History of Psychology

Approaches
and
History of
Psychology
Modern Psychology
The science of ________
and
_________ processes.
–
____________behaviors
 Mental Processes –
(Cognition)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
 Behavior
Psychology is a Science – Why?
It seeks to
 ____________,
 ____________, and
 ________ behavior and
the mental processes
underlying behavior.
Limits of Intuition and
Common Sense

_____________ Bias
tendency to believe, after learning an
outcome, that one would have foreseen it
 the “________________” phenomenon


______________

we tend to think we know _____ than we
do
Nature-Nurture Debate
 Nature
– Influence
of _________ on
behavior.
 Nurture – Influence
of __________ on
behavior.
Philosophy to Psychology
Socrates & Plato – “Humans possess
innate (_________) knowledge.”
 Aristotle – “All knowledge comes from
____________.
“We derive truth thru systematic
observation”
Laid the basis for the scientific method
.

Dualism
 Divides
the world and all things in it
into two parts _______and
_________.
Rene Descartes





“I think therefore I am”
Physical world follows a set of
observable laws or rules.
The mind is not observable and is not
subject to natural laws.
_________________interact –
Dualism.
________________ – where they
interact.
Francis Bacon
One of the founders
of modern science.
 His ideas led to
__________ –
science flourishes
through observation
and _____________.

John Locke
Empiricism – The
acquisition of truth through
observations and
experiences.
 ‘_____________’- blank
slate. Used this term to
describe the mind of a
child.

Thomas Hobbes

Materialism – The only
thing that exists are
_________ and _________.
"The universe is corporeal; all that is
real is material, and what is not material
is not real." --The Leviathan
Natural Selection
 Charles
Darwin
 “Origin
 Those
of Species”
who are best _______
to their environment are more
likely to reproduce.
Germany and the Roots of
Psychology


Psychophysics –
_________________ – The
physiology of sensations.
 “Elements of
Psychophysics”
____________________ –
Theory on color perception.
_____________________

Opened the first
psychology
laboratory at the
University of
Liepzig (c. 1879)
Wilhelm Wundt
Viewed as the founder
of Psychology
 Defined Psychology as
the
“_______________”


Explore psychic
phenomena only
________________
 Wundt’s
theory
 The mind operates by combining
subjective emotions and objective
sensations.
Structuralism



Wundt’s theory brought to America
Concerned with the “structure” of the mind
and its parts.
_____________ - Careful self-examination
and reporting of one’s conscious experience.
(Structuralism)
 Ex. Show someone a light and ask them to
report their conscious reactions to the
stimulus (what it looked like, how long it lasted)
Edward Titchener
Student of Wundt’s
 Brought __________ to
_____________
 Concerned with the
“___________” of the
mind and its parts

__________________
Wrote the first
textbook in
psychology
Functionalism
_____________________ theory
 Focuses on the ______________ of
behavior
 Heavily influenced by _________
(Natural Selection)
 Believed Introspection was
unreliable

Popular ‘James’ Ideas
_____________ –
Behaviors are
chosen if they work
for you.
 “Stream of
Consciousness”

____________
The brain perceives the world in
meaningful patterns or wholes
 “The whole is more than a sum of
its parts.”
 German for “___________”
 Max Wertheimer
 Discovered on a __________

History of Psychology: Behaviorism

Psychology must study
_______________ objectively

Stimulus – Response
Founded by _______________
 Dominated Psychology from 1920’s –
1960’s
 Currently called “Learning”

Behaviorism
Pavlov – _______________________
 John Watson – Classical conditioning
applied to “______________”
 B.F. Skinner – ____________conditioning

Expanded to behaviorism to include
Reinforcement – stimuli that
encourages or discourages certain responses
 “_______________________________”

Behavioral Example
 An
outgoing person is so
because they were
_____________ for interacting
with others.
Psychoanalysis



______________’s
theory
Concerned with
individuals and with
their mental
problems.
Currently called
_________________
Psychoanalysis
 Drew
a distinction between
consciousness – awareness
to__________________– and
unconscious – mental
processes to which we _________
have access.
Psychodynamic Example
A
shy person avoids social
situations because of a
_____________ (memory ______
down ______________________)
memory of trauma in childhood
involving a social situation.
Psychology Today:
Humanist Perspective
Stressed individual _______ and
_________________
 Currently called “____________
Psychology”

Humanistic

Abraham Maslow
 ____________
________ –
Need to reach
one’s full
potential
 Accepting
yourself, knowing
your __________
and ___________
Humanistic
 Carl
Rogers
 Preacher
turned psychologist
 Stressed Unconditional
_____________________ (love)
 His ideas are commonly used in
therapy
Humanistic Example
A
person may choose to not be
outgoing because they find that
their social needs are better met
by contact with a few close
friends rather than large groups.
Biological Perspective
 Look
for purely physiological
processes to explain behavior
 Looks at human cognition and
reaction in terms of genes,
___________________________
Biological Example
 An
outgoing person may be so
because of their ______ inherited
from their parents and the genes
effects on certain
________________ in the brain.
Behavioral Genetics
 How
genes
and
___________
contribute to
individual
differences
Cognitive Perspective
 Examines
human thought and
behavior in terms of how we
_________________________
events.
 Cognitions – “________________”
 Replace the __________ approach
as the predominant approach.
Cognitive Example
 Ex.
An outgoing person “sees’ the
world in a way that being
outgoing makes sense.
Evolutionary Perspective
 Examines
human thoughts and
actions in terms of ____________
selection.
 Traits that are advantageous for
survival are passed down from
parents to the next generation.
Evolutionary Example
If someone is outgoing they might
make friends, improving their
chances for ___________.
Social-Cultural Perspective
 Looks
at how our thoughts and
behaviors very from people living
in other ___________.
 Deals with the influence of
____________ on an individual’s
behavior.
Social-Cultural Example
 An
outgoing person might be
examined by studying a person’s
________ about social
interaction.
 How
much _______ does the
culture place on being part of a
group versus being an individual?
___________
 Someone
who believes that no
one perspective has all the
answers to the variety of human
thought and behavior. Therefore
they pick and choose from the
different perspectives.
Types of Research
______ Research – Adds to
psychology knowledge base
 _________ Research – Aims to solve
practical problems

Contemporary Psychology

Psychology’s Subfields

Basic Research
__________ psychologists explore the
links between brain and mind
 _____________ psychologists study
changing abilities from womb to tomb
 ________ psychologists study how we
perceive, think, and solve problems

Contemporary Psychology

Psychology’s Subfields

Basic Research
____________ psychologists
investigate our persistent traits
 _________ psychologists explore how
we view and affect one another

Contemporary Psychology

Psychology’s Subfields

Applied Research
_______________________________
psychologists study and advise on
behavior in the workplace
 _________ psychologists study,
assess, and treat people with
psychological disorders

Contemporary Psychology

Psychiatry


A branch of __________ dealing with
psychological disorders
Practiced by _________ who sometimes
use medical (for example, drug)
treatments as well as psychotherapy