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Systemic Grammar or English as a Hierarchical System Analysing Text : Hierarchical Structure Novel Newspap er articles chapters paragraphs sentences clauses groups / phrases words morpheme s phonemes Word Class/ Classification of Words table, chair, love, Stalin, Eiffel Tower Nouns Verbs have, be, do, jump, swim, seem Prepositions in, of, with, between, on top of Determiners the, a, an, my, your, this, those Conjunctions and, but, so, as, because Pronouns this, those, whose, mine Adjectives big, blue, smart, tall, brick-built Adverbs fast, quickly, successfully Word Class/ Classification of Words Number two, five, seven interjections ugh, ouch, ow Elements of the Noun Phrase Noun Phrases What is a noun? Places, people, concepts and things e.g. Blackburn, Tom Jones, Stalinism, thoughts, ideas, books, Noun Categories Make 2 columns and place the words appropriately happiness love truth table wall banana hate drawers window mirror plug man bravery friendship Noun Categories Note the difference Coal is found underground You can travel in london on the underground The kindest person I know is sister theresa My eldest sister is sharon The princess was locked in a tower The eiffel tower is in france Capital Letters: Names This is avid He is married to Also known as They have two sons. The new baby is called eckham. ictoria. osh pice. One is called omeo. rooklyn Noun Categories: Count Nouns biscuit a shoe book + s glass some Match box +es To quantify we ask ‘how many?’ Noun Categories: Non-Count Have no definite boundaries Unable to count, or too many to count To quantify we ask ‘how much’? Noun Categories Non-Count Nouns (or mass nouns) water countable units some a tea butter gold coffee glass can’t pluralise Noun Categories Sort according to count or non-count information bottle butter grass chair apple electricity Noun Categories: Collective Nouns (or Group Nouns) A collective noun is a single word to describe a lot of one particular thing A shoal of … A bouquet of … A pride of … A flock of … bees crows ships yachts Noun Categories: Compound Nouns green+fly blue+bottle butter+fly Determiners Let’s look for ? book Adjectives Adjectives describe the noun They are placed between the the determiner and the noun We are currently selling a property determiner a noun property large, Victorian, three-bedroomed, Pronouns replace nouns Pronouns My car is a black, Volkswagen Golf It is a black, Volkswagen Golf Sue and Mandie are presenting to the rest of the group Sue and Mandie are presenting to us Is this your black, leather coat? Is this yours? Prepositions Prepositions PRE position noun phrases poke pay lie stand the sheets Elements of the Verb Phrase Verbs Verbs are having, being and doing words There are 2 verb tenses - past & present In addition there are a number of verb aspects Verb phrases can also have ‘voices’ Types of Verb Main verbs: swim, jump, study Auxiliary verbs: be, have, do (can also be main verbs) Modal auxiliary verbs: will/would, can/could, may/might, shall/should, ought to, used to Identify the Verb Type The boy was crying (aux, main) The bell was rung I may be coming later Liverpool could have been playing in Europe Jane has a son Verbs Tenses Present Simple Verb Mary walks her dog Verb +s Past Simple/ Past Historic/ Preterite Verb +ed Mary walked her dog Note: in each sentence, the verb walk is the main verb Verbs Aspects Present Perfect present of to have + Verb + ed Mary has walked her dog Past Perfect/ Pluperfect Mary had walked her dog past of to have + Verb + ed Note: in each sentence, the verb to have acts as an auxiliary or helping verb Verbs Aspects Present Continuous/Present Progressive Mary is walking her dog present of to be + Verb + ing Past Continuous/ Past Progressive Mary was walking her dog past of to be + Verb + ing Note: in each sentence, the verb to be acts as the auxiliary verb Verbs Aspects Future Mary will walk her dog will + Verb Future hypothetical/conditional will + have + Verb + ed Mary will have walked her dog Note: in each sentence, the verb will is a modal auxiliary verb Active and Passive Voice Active Voice The policeman chases the thief Passive Voice The thief is chased by the policeman Note: the main verb takes the ‘ed’ form The verb to be is inserted, taking the tense/form of the main verb in the active version Active and Passive Voice Active Voice The policeman chased the thief Passive Voice The thief was chased by the policeman Active and Passive Voice Active Voice The policeman is chasing the thief The policeman has chased the thief The policeman will chase the thief Passive Voice The thief is being chased by the policeman The thief has been chased by the policeman The thief will be chased by the policeman Note: the auxiliary verb remains unchanged Verbs Aspects Note: verb aspect can be combined subject verb phrase By next week, (the boy) (will have been being bullied) for six months passive future perfect continuous Adverbs Answer the questions How, where, when & why The car was fast (i.e. a fast car) determiner, noun, verb, adjective He drove the car fast Pronoun, verb, determiner, noun, adverb Conjunctions Simple, Compound, Complex Simple sentences Is a single clause expressing a single idea e.g. The sun rises in the east. Compound Sentences 2 or more clauses of equal weight joined by coordinating conjunctions e.g. The sun rises in the east and it sets in the west. Complex Sentences 2 or more clauses joined be subordinating conjunctions e.g. if you see the sun rise, you must be looking east. Adapted from ‘Billy’ by Pamela Stephenson The exterior of the buildings were pleasant enough but the interiors were thoroughly depressing. A dingy staircase spiralled upwards to the flats. It stank of cabbage and cat’s piss. Two poky apartments were squeezed onto each floor. Some families were lumbered with the ‘coffin end’ or corner apartment, which was even smaller than the rest. Adapted from ‘Billy’ by Pamela Stephenson •The exterior of the buildings were pleasant enough but the interiors were thoroughly depressing. • A dingy staircase spiralled upwards to the flats. •It stunk of cabbage and cat’s piss. •Two poky apartments were squeezed onto each floor. •Some families were lumbered with the ‘coffin end’ or corner apartment, which was even smaller than the rest. Transitive, Intransitive & Copula Verbs The teacher praised the student John drove the car The girl cried real tears The bells rang/ The sun shone/ The baby cried The house seems safe George Bush is the American President Richard is hungry 7 forms of the Simple Sentence SV SVO SVC SVA SVOC SVOA SVOiOd *Optional adverbials can be added to all these basic forms SV Subject + Verb The bells were ringing. If the verb phrase does not need any additional information to follow it, the verb is intransitive SVO Subject + Verb + Object The dog chased the cat. If the action of the verb transmits an effect onto an object, the verb said to be transitive. SVC Subject + Verb + Complement Michael Caine is an actor Some verbs, such as be, become, looks and seems are linking verbs (or copula verbs). Noun or adjective phrases that follow these verbs are obligatory and relate back to the subject SVA Subject + Verb + Adverbial The miners stood outside Adverbials are words or phrases that answer the questions how, when, where and why SVOC Subject + Verb + Object + Complement The sun turned the milk sour In this instance the word ‘sour’ complements, or relates to the object. SVOA Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial Owen placed the ball in the net “in the net” is an adverbial phrase because it answers the ‘wh’ question - where was the ball placed? SVOiOd Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object Paul bought me a book The book is the direct object because it is the item that was bought. i.e. directly influenced by the verb ‘Me’ is the indirect object - the person for whom it was bought. Clause Analysis 2. Identify the subject. Ask who or what made the action. Mark it with an S 1. Find the verb. Mark it with a V 4. Is there an adverbial? Ask how, when, where or why the action took place Mark it with an A 3. Find the object. Ask who or what received the action. Mark it with an O Analyse the Following I declared the meeting open The cat swallowed the fish My furniture is being repaired The guests drank the champagne You have made me happy He stuck his hands in his pockets The team built a racing car Analyse the Following This book is rubbish I am teaching you grammar Sharon is my sister My parents are living in America Dave sent his wife an anniversary card London is in the south I have eaten Analyse the Following The bells rang at 5p.m. Tom got his shoes wet Tony Blair is the Prime Minister Mark opened the door quickly The dogs barked Peter gave Jane a ring The Prime Minister met the President for talks Glossary Participles Infinitive Regular Irregular