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Solar System Presentation by Nagy Bianka Planets • • • • • • • • • Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto The Sun Age: ≈4.6 billion years Mean distance from Earth: 1.496 x 108 km Ray: 696.000 km Surface temperature: 1.57×107 K Surface area: 12,000 × Earth Volume: 1.41×1018 km Mass: 333,000 × Earth Mercury Terrestrial planet Relative position: 1st planet from the Sun General composition: Rocky material Density: 5.43g/cm3 Atmosphere: Almost NO atmosphere. The very little atmosphere that exists is composed chiefly of oxygen, sodium, and helium. Size: 054 thevolume of the Earth Planetary satellites(Moons): No Rotation: 58.65 days Revolution: 88 days Temperatures: 467 °C on the sunny side of the planet. -183 °C on the dark side of the planet. Venus Terrestrial planet Relative position: 2nd from the Sun General composition: Rocky material. It contains an iron core and a molten rocky mantle. Density: 5.24 gm/cm3 Atmosphere: Consists mainly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and droplets of sulfuric acid; it contains almost no water vapor. Size: 88 the volume of the Earth Planetary satellites(Moons): No Rotation: -243 days Revolution: 225 days Temperature: 450 °C Earth Terrestrial planet Relative position: 3rd from the Sun General composition: Rocky material. It has a nickel-iron core with a molten mantle and solid rocky crust. Density: 5.52 gm/cm3 Atmosphere: Mostly oxygen (21%) and nitrogen (78%). Some argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Size: 40,000km around at the equator. Planetary satellites(Moons): 1-The Moon Rotation: 23 hours, 56 minutes (1 day) Revolution: 365.25 days Temperature: Mean surface 15 °C to 20 °C Special feature: : sustains life, water exists in all three states (solid, liquid , and gas) The Moon -the Earth’s only natural satellite -contains no water and has no atmosphere -it is 384 401 km from the Earth -it takes 27.32 days to orbit the Earth once. -the gravitational pull of the Moon is responsible for the Earth’s tides. -its surface is covered with craters and flat lands. The craters are due to repeated meteorite bombardments while the dark, flatlands are the result of ancient lava flows. Mars Relative position: 4th from the Sun General composition: Rocky metal Density: 3.94 gm/cm3 Atmosphere: Mostly carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon Size: 149 times the volume of the Earth Planetary satellites(Moons): 2 Moons Rotation: 24 hours 33 minutes Revolution: 686.67 days Temperature: -87 °C to -5 °C Special features: has the largest volcanic mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons(27 km high and 600 km across) and a gigantic equatorial rift valley, the Valles Marineris. Moons of Mars Phobos (Fear) Both Phobos and Deimos were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall. The moons appear to have surface materials similar to many asteroids in the outer asteroid belt, which leads most scientists to believe that Phobos and Deimos are captured asteroids. Deimos (Panic) Jupiter Relative position: 5th from the Sun General composition: It is a gas giant, meaning it is mostly made of gases. Jupiter's core is probably not solid but a dense, hot liquid with a consistency like thick soup. Density: 1.76 gm/cm3 Atmosphere: Mostly hydrogen, helium and methane Size: 1316 times the volume of the Earth Planetary satellites(Moons): 63 moons, some of them have been named and some have alphanumeric designations. Rotation: 9 hours 54 minutes Revolution: 11.86 Earth years Temperature: -108°C Special features: the planet with the highest gravity in the solar system. Moons of Jupiter 1.Io 17.Callirrhoe 33.Euanthe 49.Kore 2.Europa 18. Themisto 34.Euporie 50.S/2003 J2 3.Ganymede 19. Megaclite 35.Orthosie 51.S/2003 J3 4.Callisto 20. Taygete 36.Sponde 52.S/2003 J4 5.Amalthea 21.Chaldane 37.Kale 53.S/2000 J11 6.Himalia 22.Harpalyke 38.Pasithee 54.S/2000 J5 7.Elara 23.Kalyke 39.Hegemone 55.S/2003 J9 8.Pasiphae 24.Iocaste 40.Mneme 56.S/2003 J10 9.Sinope 25.Erinome 41.Aoede 57.S/2003 J12 10.Lysithea 26.Isonoe 42.Thelxinoe 58.S/2003 J15 11.Carme 27.Praxidike 43.Arche 59.S/2003 J16 12.Ananke 28.Autonoe 44.Kallichore 60.S/2003 J17 13.Leda 29.Thyone 45.Helike 61.S/2003 J18 14.Thebe 30.Hermippe 46.Carpo 62.S/2003 J19 15.Adrastea 31.Aitne 47.Eukelade 63.S/2003 J23 16.Metis 32.Eurydome 48.Cyllene Saturn Relative position: 6th from the Sun General composition: It is a Gas giant, meaning it is mostly made of the gases hydrogen and helium. Density: 70 gm/cm3 Atmosphere: Mostly hydrogen and helium. Size: 755 times the volume of the Earth Planetary satellites(Moons): 60 Moons, some have been named and others have alphanumeric designations Rotation: 10 hours 38 minutes Revolution: 29.45 Earth years Temperature: -139°C Special features: Saturn's ring system is the most extensive and complex in our solar system; it extends hundreds of thousands of kilometers from the planet. The rings are mostly water ice with particles ranging in size from a few micrometers to several tens of meters. Moons of Saturn 1.Mimas 16.Kiviuq 31.Narvi 46.Loge 2.Enceladus 17.Atlas 32.Methone 47.Skoll 3.Tethys 18.Prometheus 33.Pallene 48.Surtur 4.Dione 19.Pandora 34.Polydeuces 49.S/2004 S7 5.Rhea 20.Pan 35.Daphnis 50.S/2004 S12 6.Titan 21.Ymir 36.Aegir 51.S/2004 S13 7.Hyperion 22.Paaliaq 37.Bebhionn 52.S/2004 S17 8.Iapetus 23.Tarvos 38.Bergelmir 53.S/2006 S1 9.Erriapus 24.Ijiraq 39.Bestla 54. S/2006 S3 10.Phoebe 25.Suttungr 40.Farbauti 55.Greip 11.Janus 26.Mundilfari 41.Fenrir 56.Jarnsaxa 12.Epimetheus 27.Albiorix 42.Fornjot 57.Tarqeq 13.Helene 28.Skathi 43.Hati 58.S/2007 S2 14.Telesto 29.Siarnaq 44.Hyrokkin 59.S/2007 S3 15.Calypso 30.Thrymyr 45.Kari 60.Anthe Uranus Relative position: 7th from the Sun General composition: It is a Gas giant, meaning it is mostly made of the gases hydrogen and helium, with a small amount of methane and traces of water and ammonia. It has no solid surface, but it does contain a liquid core made mostly of “icy” materials (water, methane, and ammonia) Density: 1.30 gm/cm3 Atmosphere: Mostly hydrogen, helium, and methane Size: 52 times the volume of the Earth Planetary satellites(Moons): 27 Moons Rotation: 17 hours 11 minutes Revolution: 84.02 Earth years Temperature: -197°C Special features: Uranus’ axis is tilted so that it seems to rotate on its side. This tilt gives it seasons that last over twenty years. Moons of Uranus 1.Cordelia 10.Belinda 19.Oberon 2.Ophelia 11.Perdita 20.Caliban 3.Bianca 12.Puck 21.Stephano 4.Cressida 13.Cupid 22.Trinculo 5.Desdemona 14.Miranda 23.Sycorax 6.Juliet 15.Francisco 24.Margaret 7.Portia 16.Ariel 25.Prospero 8.Rosalind 17.Umbriel 26.Setebos 9.Mab 18.Titania 27.Ferdinand Neptune Relative position: 8th from the Sun General composition: It is a Gas giant, meaning it is mostly made of the gases hydrogen, helium, and methane. It has no solid surface, but its liquid core is composed of water and other “melted ices.” Density: 1.76 gm/cm3 Atmosphere: Mostly hydrogen, helium,and methane Size: 44 times the volume of the Earth Planetary satellites(Moons): 13 Moons Rotation: 16 hours 4 minutes Revolution: 164.79 Earth years Temperature: -200 Special features: Neptune is actually the farthest planet from the Sun for a 20-year period out of every 248 Earth years due to Pluto’s unusual elliptical orbit. Moons of Neptune 1.Triton 8.Proteus 2.Nereid 9.Halimede 3.Naiad 10.Psamathe 4.Thalassa 11.Sao 5.Despina 12.Laomedeia 6.Galatea 13.Neso 7.Larissa Pluto Dwarf planet Relative position: 9th from the Sun General composition: Rocky core surrounded by water ice Density: 2.0 gm/cm3 Atmosphere: Frozen most of the time. When it is closest to the Sun the bright layer of frozen methane, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide thaws out and gives it a thin atmosphere Size: 0.05 the volume of the Earth Planetary satellites(Moons): 3 Moons 1.Charon 2.Hydra 3.Nix Rotation: -6.39 days Revolution: 247.9 Earth years Temperature: -233°C Asteroids -are either rocky or metallic objects that orbit the Sun.They are too small to considered planets but are sometimes called planetoids -they can be anywhere from the size of a pebble up to a 1000km in diameter -they have been found inside Earth’s orbit and all the way out past Saturn’s orbit Most asteroids are located in the asteroid belt which exists between the orbit’s of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroid belt Comets Comets-small, fragile, irregular-shaped body composed of a mixture of non-volatile grains and frozen gases. -their orbits are elliptical(oval) or parabolic(U-shaped). The orbit brings them in very close to the Sun and swings them far out into space, sometimes out past Pluto. -As comets approach the Sun, radiation from the Sun evaporates the ice and gases, creating the lone tail. The closer to the Sun, the longer the tail of the comet is. The tail of the comet always faces away from the Sun because of the solar wind coming from the Sun. Components of comets Meteors? Meteoroids? Meteorites? What’s the difference? Meteoroids- outside atmosphere(meteor oids are in the void of space) Meteorites- on Earth’s surface (meteorites are in the Earth tight) Meteors- are inbetween