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Chapters 7–8
1. Caesar’s Triumph (the perfect tense)
2. The flavor of the perfect
3. The Trojan War retold (again!) in past tenses
4. Third-declension nouns
5. Sum: imperfect and future indicative (and meet possum)
6. Old MacDonald (dative of possession)
7. Infinitive as noun
1. Caesar’s Triumphs
Suetonius, Divus Iulius 37:
On the day of the triumphal procession over Gaul, … he
was almost thrown from his chariot when the axle broke. He
climbed the Capitol by torch-light, with forty elephants
bearing lamps to the right and to the left. …
1. Caesar’s Triumphs (the perfect tense) …
In his triumph over Pontus, one of the carts in the
processions had on the front of it a placard (titulus) with the
words “I came, I saw, I conquered”, not detailing the events
of the campaign, as was the case with the others, but
emphasizing the speed with which it was completed.
1. Caesar’s Triumphs (the perfect tense) …
vēnī, vīdī, vīcī
vēnistī, vīdistī, vīcistī?
vēnit, vīdit, vīcit!
vēnimus, vīdimus, vīcimus
vēnistis, vīdistis, vīcistis?
vēnērunt, vīdērunt, vīcērunt!
(or: vēnēre, vīdēre, vīcēre)
1. Caesar’s Triumphs (the perfect tense) …
The perfect stem
amō, amāre, amāv-ī, amātus
timeō, timēre, timu-ī, —
videō, vidēre, vīd-ī, vīsus
sum, esse, fu-ī, futūrus
veniō, venīre, vēn-ī, ventus “to come”
vincō, vincere, vīc-ī, victus “to conquer”
vīvō, vīvere, vīx-ī, victūrus “to live”
perfect
active
indicative
(only!)
person
endings
person
endings for
all other
finite verbs
-ī
-s
-istī
-t
-it
-mus
-imus
-tis
-istis
-nt
-ērunt/
-ēre
vēnī, vīdī, vīxī (Voltaire)
-ō/-m
2. The flavors of the perfect
*** TWO PAST TENSES IN LATIN ***
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
*** TWO DISTINCT SENSES ***
Nātūra aquam cibumque dābat.
Iuppiter Neptūnō imperium pontī dedit.
“(In the Golden Age) Nature gave/used to
give/was giving water and food.”
“Jupiter gave Neptune power over the sea.” =
HISTORICAL PERFECT
“Jupiter has given Neptune power over the
sea” = PRESENT PERFECT
imperfective aspect
(a sense of repetition, habit, state of
affairs)
(sometimes also a sense of attempt or
beginning)
perfective aspect
(a sense of completion, singularity,
simplicity)
3. The Trojan War retold (again!) in past
tenses
1. Cassandra clāmāvit:
“Ō Trōiānī, equumne in
Trōiam portāvistis?”
Equus enim puellam
terrēbat.
2. Cassandra templum
Minervae intrāvit. “Ō dea
nostra, templum tuum
vēlavimus!”
Sed Aiax, vir Graecus,
festīnābat puellaeque
nocuit.
3. Sed tum novus
dominus Graecus
Cassandram portāvit ē
Trōiā in Graeciam. Et
puellam nōn amābat
dominī fēmina …
4. Third-declension nouns
declension
defining characeristic
examples
1
a
2
u
(originally o)
cf. Greek phil-os)
3
consonant
4
u
currus, -ūs m. chariot
NO FEMININE
cornū, -ūs n. horn
5
e
speciēs, speciēī f. sight
NO MASCULINE OR NEUTER
rēgīna, -ae f. queen
poēta, -ae m. poet
NO NEUTER
amīcus, -ī m. friend
FEW FEMININE (humus, -ī f. ground)
consilium, -iī n. advice
sol, sōlis m. sun
vōx, vōcis f. voice
animal, animālis n. animal
4. Third-declension nouns
pater patriae [nom. sg.]
father of the fatherland
Some phrases
with thirddeclension nouns
in vīnō, vēritās [nom. sg.]
In wine, truth
dux fēmina factī [nom. sg.]
A woman (was) leader of the deed
ars longa, vīta brevis [nom. sg.]
The art (is) long, life (is) short
mōs [nom. sg.] maiōrum [gen. pl.]
the custom of the ancestors
terrā marīque [abl. sg.]
By land and sea
multās per gentēs et multa per aequora [acc. pl.]
through many nations and through many seas (Catullus)
4. Third-declension nouns declined
Masculine
and
feminine
dux, ducis m.
māter, mātris f.
ars, artis
(-ium) f.
Neuter
nūmen, nūminis n.
animal, animālis
(-ium) n.
case
singular
plural
NOM
dux [duc-s]
duc-ēs
GEN
duc-is
duc-um [art-ium]
DAT
duc-ī
duc-ibus
ACC
duc-em
duc-ēs
ABL
duc-e
duc-ibus
case
singular
plural
NOM
nūmen
nūmin-a [animāl-ia]
GEN
nūmin-is
nūmin-um [animāl-ium]
DAT
nūmin-ī
nūmin-ibus
ACC
nūmen
nūmin-a [animāl-ia]
ABL
nūmin-e [animāl-ī]
nūmin-ibus
4. Third-declension nouns: some sentences
and phrases
sol, sōlis m.
māter, mātris f.
ars, artis f.
mare, maris (-ium) n.
Sol viam monstrat.
Māter viam arte monstrat.
Sol viam mātrī monstrat.
Sol mare monstrat.
sol magnus
sol pulcher
ars longa
mātris miserae
mātrī miserae
mare altum
bonārum artium
bonīs artibus
Sol maria monstrat.
Via sōlem monstrat.
Mare sōlem monstrat.
Ars viam mātri monstrat.
5. Sum: Imperfect and future indicative (and:
meet possum)
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
amā-
habē-
amā-bā-
habē-bā-
amā-bi-
habē-bi-
amō
amās
amat
amāmus
amātis
amant
habeō
habēs
habet
habēmus
habētis
habent
amābam
amābās
amābat
amābāmus
amābātis
amābant
habēbam
habēbās
habēbat
habēbāmus
habēbātis
habēbant
amābō
amābis
amābit
amābimus
amābitis
amābunt
habēbō
habēbis
habēbit
habēbimus
habēbitis
habēbunt
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus “to be; exist”
possum, potesse, potuī, —
PRESENT
“to be able; can” (+ infin.)”
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
su-/es-
possu/potes-
erā-
poterā-
eri-
poteri-
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
possum
potes
potest
possumus
potestis
possunt
eram
erās
erat
erāmus
erātis
erant
poteram
poterās
poterat
poterāmus
poterātis
poterant
erō
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
poterō
poteris
poterit
poterimus
poteritis
poterunt
6. Old MacDonald (dative of possession)
English
Literal translation
Preferred idiomatic
translation
(dative of possession)
Old MacDonald
had a farm.
Macdonaldus rusticus
fundum habēbat.
Macdonaldō rusticō fundus
erat, oh!
6. Old MacDonald (dative of possession) …
English
possessor in
dative
posession in
nominative
verb “to be”
My father has
a big
cottage.
patrī meō
casa magna
est
The cottage
has many
deities.
casae
multa nūmina
sunt
Our son shall
have the
name
“Lucius”.
fīliō nostrō
nōmen
erit
Lūcius
(or:
Lūciō)
7. Infinitive as (neuter singular) noun
Errāre est humānum
To err is human
Errāvīsse est humānum.
To have erred is human.
Venīre, vidēre, vincere est Rōmānum.
To come, see, conquer is Roman.
Vēnisse, vīdisse, vīxisse est Rōmānum.
To have come, to have seen, to have conquered is Roman.
Rōmānīs nōn placet errāre.
To err does not please the Romans.
Amāre est vīxisse.
To love is to have lived.
Nōn possum nōn adamāre tē.
I … can’t … help … falling in love … with … you.