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ANATOMY
LEARNING GOALS
1. Understanding the relationship between anatomical planes/axes and the
various planes of movement.
2. Demonstrate and understanding of basic movements and positions involving a
joint.
WHAT IS ANATOMY?
• Anatomy is a branch of science that deals with the structures that
make up the human body, and how those structures relate to each
other.
• Anatomy is the STRUCTURE of the human body.
HOW WOULD YOU ANSWER THE
FOLLOWING?
• The elbow is ____________________________ the hand.
• The foot is ____________________________ the knee.
• The belly button is ____________________________ the love handles.
• The ears are __________________________ the nose.
• The calf muscle is __________________________ the leg bones.
• The nose is __________________________ the back of the head.
ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE
• Before we look at the anatomy of the SKELETAL
and MUSCULAR systems, we first need to have a
basic understanding of anatomical language!
ANATOMICAL POSITION
• is the reference position used to describe the location of anatomical parts and
to describe and explain human movement.
• the subject is:
• standing upright with feet flat on the floor
• arms at the side of the body
• facing the observer
• palms are facing forward (supinated)
Don’t forget
PALMS
FORWARD!
DESCRIBING ANATOMICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
• Starting from the standard anatomical position, anatomical relationships are
described as follows:
• Anterior / Posterior
• Superior / Inferior
• Medial / Lateral
• Proximal / Distal
TERMS
Anterior (ventral): nearer to or in front of the body
Posterior (dorsal): nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial: inside, toward the midline
Lateral: outside, away from the midline
Proximal: nearer to the attachment of an extremity (limb) to
the trunk; nearer to the point of origin
Distal: farther from the attachment of an extremity (limb)
to the trunk; farther away from the point of origin
TERMS
Superior: nearer the head
Inferior: farther away from the head
NOW HOW WOULD YOU ANSWER THE
FOLLOWING?
• The elbow is ____________________________ the hand.
• The foot is ____________________________ the knee.
• The belly button is ____________________________ the love handles.
• The ears are __________________________ the nose.
• The calf muscle is __________________________ the leg bones.
• The nose is __________________________ the back of the head.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS PRACTICE
1. Your nose is _____ to your eyes (medial/lateral).
2. Your skin lies _____ to your muscles (superficial/deep).
3. Your teeth are _____ to your lips (anterior/posterior).
4. Your knees are _____ to your ankles (superior/inferior).
5. Your hands are _____ to your elbows (proximal/distal).
CREATE A STATEMENT FOR
THE FOLLOWING PAIRS:
a. brain / skull
b. ankle / shin
c. thumb / ‘pinky’
d. collar bone / shoulder blade
e. ribs / hips
ACTIVITY:
PICK A PART
• I am superior to waist
• I am distal to the L wrist
• I am superficial to the skin
• I am lateral to the L ring finger, but medial to the L index finger
• I am posterior to the palm
• I am distal to all the knuckles
• WHAT AM I?
YOUR TURN...come up with a “riddle” of your own (start general)
PLANES OF MOTION
• defined as the two dimensional space cut by a moving body or the
plane along which movements occur.
• generally three planes used to describe segmental and body
movements in physical activity.
1. SAGITTAL PLANE
• a vertical plane that cuts the body into right and left sides
• NOTE: if the plane divides the body right down the middle, we call it the
MEDIAN (or MIDSAGITTAL)
2. FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE
• vertical plane that cuts the body into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts
3. TRANSVERSE (HORIZONTAL) PLANE
• horizontal plane that cuts the body into superior and
inferior parts
ANATOMICAL AXES
• Used to describe the direction of movement at joints:
• Antero-posterior axis
• Longitudinal axis
• Horizontal axis
• Horizontal axis
• extends from one side of the body to the other.
• Longitudinal axis
• is vertical, running from head to toe.
• Antero-posterior axis
• extends from the front of the body to the back.
GENERAL RULE
• The PLANE will be parallel with the movement,
the AXIS will be perpendicular to the direction of
movement.
MOVEMENT AT JOINTS
MOVEMENT AT JOINTS
Flexion reduces the angle
between two bones
Abduction moves a body part
away from the medial plane
Extension increases the angle
between two bones
Adduction moves a body part
toward the medial plane
MOVEMENT AT JOINTS
Pronation rotates the wrist
and hand to a palm down
position
Dorsiflexion moves the ankle in the
sagittal plane to reduce the angle
between the foot and the lower leg
Supination rotates of the wrist
and hand to a palm up position
Plantar Flexion moves the ankle in
the sagittal plane to increase the
angle between the foot and the
lower leg
MOVEMENT AT JOINT
Internal Rotation occurs when
a limb moves its anterior
surface medially
Eversion occurs when the lateral
surface of the foot is raised to
turn the sole of the foot outward
External Rotation occurs when
a limb moves its anterior
surface laterally
Inversion occurs when the medial
surface of the foot is raised to
turn the sole of the foot inward
MOVEMENT AT JOINT
SUMMARY
• The anatomical position is the starting point for describing anatomical
relationships and movements.
• The anatomical position is further divided into anatomical planes and
anatomical axes. Movement occurs along an anatomical plane and around an
anatomical axis.
• Anatomical planes and axes are at right angles to each other.
• Using this standard terminology, it is possible to describe human movement —
for example, flexion/ extension, abduction/adduction, supination/ pronation,
etc.