Download Week 1: Anatomical Terminology and Bones

Week 1: Anatomical Terminology and Bones
Week 1, Part 1: Anatomical Terminology
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We need to learn the international anatomical terminology that enables precise communication among
healthcare professionals and scientists worldwide
Many terms provide information about a structure’s shape, size, location or function or about the
resemblance of one structure to another (e.g. deltoid muscle covering the shoulders is triangular like the
symbol ‘delta’ and suffix ‘oid’ means ‘like’)
Anatomical Position
o The anatomical position refers to the body position as if the person were
standing upright with the:
▪ Head, eyes (gaze), and toes directed anteriorly (forward),
▪ Arms adjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly,
▪ Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel
o All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to this consistent,
anatomical position, ensuring that descriptions are not ambiguous
Anatomical Planes
o Anatomical descriptions are based on 3 imaginary planes (sagittal, frontal and
transverse) that intersect the body in the anatomical position:
o Sagittal planes: is perpendicular to the ground/vertical plane and divides the body into left and right
▪ Median Plane (also, median sagittal plane): divides the body into left and right halves
▪ This plane defines the mid-line of the head, neck and trunk where it intersects the surface of
the body
o Frontal (Coronal) Planes: divides the body into front and back halves
▪ vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the
body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
o Transverse planes: divides the body into top and bottom halves
▪ horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal
planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
▪ Often referred to as transaxial or axial planes
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2. Bones of Pectoral Girdle
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The Pectoral Girdle and Bones of the free part of the upper limb form the superior appendicular skeleton
(the pelvic girdle and bones of the free part of the lower limb form the inferior appendicular skeleton)
The superior appendicular skeleton only articulates with the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint,
allowing create mobility
The clavicles and scapula of the pectoral girdle are supported, stabilized and moved by axio-appendicular
muscles that attach to the relatively fixed ribs, sternum and vertebrate of the axial skeleton
1) Clavicle
o The Clavicle (collar bone) connects the upper limb to the trunk
▪ Function: it serves as a crane-like strut (rigid support) from which the scapula and free limb
are suspended and thus allows the limb maximum freedom of movement. It also transmits
shock (traumatic impacts) form the upper limb to the axial skeleton
▪ Ossification: Although designated as a long bone, clavicle has no medullary (marrow) cavity
and consists of spongy (trabecular) bone with a shell of compact bone
o Bony features of the Clavicle:
▪ 1) Shaft of clavicle: has a double curve in a horizontal plane (i.e. on the transverse plane)
with its medial half convex and its lateral half concave.
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2) Sternal End: is blunt, enlarged and triangular for articulation with the manubrium of the
sternum at the sternoclavicular (SC) joint.
3) Acromial end: is flatter and articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the
acromioclavicular (AC) joint
4) Superior Surface of clavicle: is smooth and just lies deep to the skin and platysma muscle
5) Inferior surface of the clavicle: is rough because strong ligaments bind it to the 1st rib
near its sternal end and suspend the scapula from the acromial end
• Conoid tubercle: is at the acromial
end and gives attachment to the
conoid ligament (medial part of the
coracoclavicular ligament)
• Trapezoid line: the trapezoid
ligament attaches (lateral part of the
coracoclavicular ligament)
• Subclavian groove: in the medial
third of the shaft of the clavicle is the site of attachment of subclavius muscle.
• Impression for the costoclavicular ligament: more medial to the subclavian groove
and is a rough, often depressed, oval area that gives attachment to the ligament
binding the 1st rib (L. costa) to the clavicle.