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~k AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 54: Community Ecology Period Name Chapter 54: Community Ecology Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved. 1. What is a community? List six organisms that would be found in your schoolyard community Q Gorv.n^vn1f~ 1,s a 3rou~ of roPvta ?ln ` e c (o,Se e,, 4) u' 4, do—otel:onS 2. MiCQ gate 1rC" This section will look at interspecific interactions. Be clear on the meaning of the prefix! To begin, distinguish between inteaspecific competition and interspecific competition. Give an example of each. Type of Competition Intraspecifc competition Explanation Interspecific competition Con, pe 4-; t-1 O ~o 1~e 4 -,,t c c n ;t,-, c .. jo e rS of 414-e re,— -t-- s fe c i e s ,For j-y-e _ r-r s'oL, re-e. 3. Example cv M P eA ; 4 (' o /I -c-c. r) .F to eA-- een men. hers f Z4 c r , es. Two for 1AJe_ed S What is G. F. Gause's competitive exclusion principle? Give one example. ~0 (G{ S -~L.L~" -~WO SP ec- i eS GO n•, ~ C.r i n~ P' n r -f ~,~~~ re Sources c"Cknno 4- ca e- k is+ 4. k'. i n- Define ecological niche. T(-e- SUM O~-' a s ecies" r e .~:ov r-c e 5. VS. t d1 1 (,~ 1~ , v 1 use LZ.n.~ "(I /l Several species of Anolis lizards live in the same types of trees and have a similar diet. Discuss resource partitioning to explain how interspecific competition is reduced. (Study Figure 54.2.) Sevc,, Species z"rdS (iVe in CfaSc of Anol[S a-L~,-f-G~ r-oiovds_ 6. What is the difference between the fundamental niche and the realized niche? A SPecieS P +-e,., -~i AtlC f Cr 0 Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. cc LIP i ed I AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 54: Community Ecology Study Figure 54.5, and then explain what is meant by character displacement. (To do this, you will have to learn or review the difference between sympatric populations and allopatric populations. You will find this information in Chapter 24.) 7. / W In ,a, Gv oV( Gl 0 v'.~r 1ct ft { n4; r (vc 5~®t~r~CS~ ~~e .-fia.~~s~ V t~n, p r In o W r~So v Predation is a term that you probably already know. Can you give examples of some predator-prey combinations as listed below? 8. Predator Prey Animal Animal Animal Plant Fungus Animal Bacteria Animal Fungus Plant Example A ~td55 Ljo~~~•r eaa+i nq c~etCt. IC'caa: S_ A -4'(r• l e +tb''s ~© v f ,/ { u n ~ u ,y o ~ a ~. LI nA cat . 1 A 9. List three special adaptations that predator species possess for obtaining food. /I. CLCU4-e sCA ses z. 0.daPfia -I'ianS W,_,2 G(4aws , +e_e-tom-. 1 f--_ ,gS j 5.f-, /19 pis a-.-,of F i .SO n 10. List three ways prey species elude predators. i1' to elf, q `/ 110 f Ol-t G(C F E ,_. S 2 5 2_ ~or-ptnofo9ical n,, 6( '~ zo defC'~ 5a ve- 3, &% eG 11. Compare the two types of mimicry. Type of Mimicry Batesian Description Example , J .~.Jf Ti..e- fa rVa of -hc..-e Preafct ~or_ 9'.'Vc"JItM0+-[t- Mfillerian c-uc-Cc-oo bee ,o( J 12. d yellow C+ What is herbivoq? 7o r- e -FPS -ho o.. -+- /— eAi- s Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. or t -2- Chapter 54: Community Ecology AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 13. Did you list any special herbivore adaptations for predation in your response to question 9? Or plant adaptations to avoid herbivory? List two adaptations for each category here. ? 14. Describe and give an example of each of the following interactions: Type of Interaction symbiosis Example Description r- e ;stintA of - rw Q a► r Gt S ~` T r S rt~~~n~~, ~lli f-ro9e"'° parasitism 4- rnrn commensalism mutualism +C V-6 f r e ,,, e--F aAe ne~{t~e, b✓k r inlCr 07`::- -f-u-P— S e c-1 e S f J ¢ Le e. 15. Which category above includes the other three? Note that other texts may define this term jf more narrowly. S 16. Your text uses +/- symbols to indicate how interspecific interactions affect survival and reproduction of the two species. Use this notation for each of these interactions. Type of Interaction +/+, +/-, -/-, +/0 predation commensalism mutualism parasitism interspecific competition herbivory Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. _ 3 AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 17. Chapter 54: Community Ecology What is species diversity? What are its two components? Why is it important? S Pec'kc~s r ~~l..n esa,oti rd~~- ~C < - 18. What does an ecologist summarize in a food web? 19. Know the levels of trophic structure in food chains. Give a food chain here, including four links that might be found in a prairie community, and tell the level for each organism. 6` 4-(A '~-' . 20. *" j raSS Ind "J ix- ~ k" PP`s ..---> M euxe Name every organism in the pictured food chain, and give the trophic level in the box. Qo a j e ~-(\ a•r COn SUM e r-S j ~E r ovr"cJ ~~n SUA'.'CCS Se conc,!a r-j Prr,( nV"a,r-j con Su r, . ,rS produtE-rS 21. According to the energetic hypothesis, why are food chains limited in length? How much energy is typically transferred to each higher level? S es O (= P~ e~ c~ r~S~e~ a~~ it~ f't.. C ` 22. What is a dominant species? For the area where you live, what would be considered a dominant tree species? s P e-c- i e s -~~ a.* A„re— Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Chapter 54: Community Ecology AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 23. How is a keystone species different from a dominant species? , t: 0 el` Y`0 ? b~ 24. n o,,,N e-r cect L)O t ~y i c^'~ ;=1 CC c^ i' :7 Name one keystone species, and explain the effect its removal has on the ecosystem. -rL' C 25. ,Vt t [~ ~~ ~) ,lv' M C\ i e"N , C:, { 1, l;' , Explain facilitator or foundation species and give an example. You may omit bottom-up and top-down controls. Concept 54.2 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition 26. What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? Give an example of a disturbance event, and explain the effect it has on the community. S4-a,~:~ ' -L,,+ Mod.2rA+e- I e✓ e&,~ Of Of' i S +v r 6 ow.- ce fa S4-~r -((„awe do law a— t,;,gH (eve4S Orea,6P.r ce. a-( d S Fur~v 27. Ecological succession is the changes in species that occupy an area after a disturbance. What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? success ion oeGv r-S WL_. e -'u'-Z d iS`f ur- bc- -ee c:, • o re k wi f~~,ovf Sot (. Se~onc(a,r-✓ 5v CCeSSio/7 0 C_U .S i- l n q Cp ~~ nn V n So M e ' S r ~ A S to e~~ c3 T e0( b ~► U Concept 54.3 Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity 28. Explain latitudinal gradients in terms of species richness. Where is species richness greatest? SPecieS rich Css I'S -(2_e OpAfor_ 29. There are probably two key factors in latitudinal gradients. List and explain both here, and put a star next to the one that is probably the primary cause of the latitudinal difference in biodiversity. .- 61'~ 30. Explain what is demonstrated by a species-area curve. Ail o f_ ~ _r fa c--~-o rs b6 n9 e-I, ua-61 4-C.-Z. l A-r j ems- a 1~ t reC ce S M. o t`e- 1 4- Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 v ,tee AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 31. Chapter 54: Community Ecology Renowned American ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson developed a model of island biogeography. While the model can be demonstrated with islands, any isolated habitat represents an island. What are the two factors that determine the number of species on the island? ~a..~ q 6 IC ~.~k Z C k n ec,%) SlOec.c eS t M n~ ,4ramie, • "~ `- F n yC -C a-k - W k', c (n sped eS ilc b SCO 32. What two physic features of the island affect immigration and extinction rates? 4- 5 ze _ 33. Why do small islands have lower immigration rates? Higher extinction rates? r-A 4 (' cc IDeL~tUSe ~c-~~tto~ (nerve- ~Oc~.~ ~ ,;- ;.• +e -`+i ,6L L Lo (o n i --r-e r S C I e rg Pa 34. 4-o r-eac k a ti•a ~C Closer islands have I v c e,r- 35. What is the island equilibrium model? f~ e s ~Vers i 36. extinction rates and -tL--e- (44"J Ae. t..) tS on a„ t-e~ immigration rates. Sp e- c i e s C."„ V Se,+ 0 F~~JSi c~ Use this model to describe how an island's size and distance from the mainland affect the island's species richness. ;; P L' e. r e 5 37. Label this figure to show immigration, extinction, island size, and equilibrium. Then explain what each figure shows. l~ Equilli~oridnn nvMbe.~ n v M to er o ,s petes—• 0 A 'tl-5 t ca.,01 Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. S M ca( tar9~ ,S(~d 6 AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 54: Community Ecology Concept 54.4 Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease 38. Let's pull a couple of ideas from this section: What is a pathogen? Pk~9 e~S acre d' Sease C6tn.+S1 10 A/l f roo r'a " f.S ,~ S viruses / virDIds or 39. What is a zoonotic pathogen? List three examples. ~.aye~. S acre dQ~ l eat as f~C .ose rt. a Z-o o n o 4- C P o-y-- c fi rA.. 40. F E r t` t? +o What is a vector? List three examples. IS cU.. a q C",.+ u s C01 oV- of I :!P e r S f' Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here: 1. 2. 3. 4. Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 7