Download Blood and Cardiovascular

Blood
Blood
Connective Tissue
 Transports substances b/w body cells and
external environment
 Maintain homeostasis

Blood Components

Plasma: liquid
 Water,
nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular
wastes



Red Blood Cells: O2 transport
White Blood Cells: immunity
Platelets: clotting
Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
 Biconcave disks

 Increases
surface area
Hemoglobin: attaches oxygen
 RBC count is related to health

 4-6
million cells per mm3 of blood
RBC

Produced in red bone marrow
 Vitamin
B12 and folic acid affect production
 Iron is needed for hemoglobin

Macrophages of liver & spleen phagocytize
damaged RBC
 Fe
in hemoglobin is recycled
White Blood Cells
Leukocytes
 5,000-10,000 cells per mm3 of blood

 Infection,
emotional disturbances, or loss of
bodily fluids affects count
WBC



Neutrophils & Monocytes: phagocytize foreign
particles
Eosinophils kill parasites & control inflammation
Basophils releases
 Heparin:
inhibits blood clotting and
 Histamine: increase blood flow to injured area

Lymphocytes: produce antibodies that attack
specific substance
WBC
Blood Platelets
Thrombocytes
 Fragments of Giant Cells
 130,000-360,000 platelets per mm3 of
blood
 Help close broken blood vessels

Blood Plasma
Transports nutrients and gases
 Helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
 Helps maintain a stable pH

Blood Plasma Proteins


Albumins: maintain osmotic pressure of plasma
Globulins: provide immunity and transport lipids
and fat-soluble vitamins
 include

antibodies
Fibrinogen: blood clotting
Hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding
 Blood Vessel Spasm: smooth muscles in
blood vessel walls contract following injury
 Platelet plug formation: Platelets stick
together at injury site and form plug at
break

Hemostasis
Blood Coagulation: most effective
 Soluble plasma protein fibrinogen converts
to insoluble threads of protein fibrin

Blood Groups

Red blood cells contain specific antigens
and contain antibodies against certain
antigens
 Agglutination:
adverse transfusion reaction
Anxiety, breathing difficulty, facial flushing,
headache
 Severe pain in the neck, chest, and lumbar region
 Cause jaundice and potential kidney failure

ABO Group
Blood
Type
A
Antigens
A
Antibodie Possible
s
Donors
B
A,O
Agglutinat
ion
B,AB
B
B
A
B,O
A,AB
AB
A, B
None
A,B,AB,O None
O
None
A,B
O
A,B,AB
Rh Blood Group (+/-)




Rh+: antigen present in red blood cell
membranes
Rh-: lack antigen
Mixing of Rh+ and Rh- causes agglutinates
Rh- women is pregnant with Rh+ fetus
 antibodies
in maternal blood may cross the placental
tissue and react with Rh+ fetus
 RhoGAM shot prevents negative consequences
Cardiovascular
System
Introduction

Provides oxygen and nutrients to tissues,
and removes waste
Structures of the Heart

Size
 14
cm (5.5 in) long
 9 cm (3.5 in)wide

Location
 Within
mediastinum
 Rests on diaphragm
Structures of the Heart

Pericardium
 Pericardial
cavity is space
between the parietal and
visceral layers of the
pericardium
Walls of the Heart

Epicardium: outer layer
 Reduces
friction
 Protects heart

Myocardium: middle layer
 Mostly
cardiac muscle tissue
 Pumps blood out of the heart

Endocardium: inner layer
 Epithelium
and connective tissue
 Continuous with inner linings of blood vessels
Heart Chambers

Atria: two upper chambers
 Thin
walls
 Receive blood returning to the heart

Ventricles: two lower chambers
 receive
blood from the atria
 Contract to force blood out of the heart into the
arteries
Heart Chambers

Septum: solid, wall-like separation of right
and left side
 Blood
from left side of heart never mixes with
right side
Right Chambers
R Atrium receives blood from the venae
cavae and coronary sinus
 Tricuspid valve separates the right
chambers
 Pulmonary valve guards the base of the
pulmonary trunk

Left Chambers
L Atrium receives blood from the pulmonary
veins
 Bicuspid valve separates the left chambers
 An aortic valve guards the base of the aorta

Skeleton of the Heart
Rings of dense connective tissue surround
the pulmonary trunk and aorta and
proximal ends
 Provide attachments for the heart valves
and muscle fibers
 Prevent the outlets of the atria and
ventricles from dilating during contraction

Path of Blood Flow

Blood low in O2 and high in CO2 enters
right side
 Pumped

into pulmonary circulation
After blood is oxygenated in lungs
 Returns
to left side of heart
Blood Supply
Coronary arteries supply blood to the
myocardium
 Blood returns to the right atrium through
the cardiac veins and coronary sinus

Heart Action and
Blood Vessels
Cardiac Cycle

The atria contracts while the ventricles
relax
 Ventricles

contract while the atria relax
Pressure within the chambers rises and
falls in repeated cycles
Heart Sounds

Vibrations that the valve movements produce
 Lubb-dubb

Lubb: ventricular contraction


A-V valves are closing
Dubb-ventricular relaxation

Pulmonary and aortic valves shut
Cardiac Muscle Fiber

Connect to form a
functional syncytium
 Atrial
syncytium
 Ventricular syncytium
 Heart functions as a unit

One part becomes
stimulated, the entire heart
is stimulated
Cardiac Conduction System



Initiates and conducts impulses throughout the
myocardium
Impulses from the S-A node pass slowly to the A-V
node
Impulses travel rapidly along
the A-V bundle and
Purkinje fibers
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Records electrical changes in the
myocardium during the cardiac cycle
 Pattern contains several waves

P
wave: atrial depolarization
 QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
 T wave: ventricular repolarization
Regulation of Cardiac Cycle

Heartbeat:
 Physical
exercise, body temperature, and
concentration of various ions
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous
system
 Medulla Oblongata regulates
autonomic impulses to the heart

Blood Vessels

Form a closed circuit of tubes that carry
blood from the heart to cells and back
again
Arteries and Arterioles
Carry blood under high pressure away from
the heart
 Walls consists of endothelium, smooth
muscle, and connective tissue
 Smooth Muscles can be stimulate by
autonomic fibers

 Vasoconstriction
or vasodilatation
Capillaries
Connect arterioles and venules
 Wall is single layer of cells

 Semipermeable

membrane
Opening in cell walls varies between
tissues
Exchange in Capillaries
Capillary blood and tissue fluid exchange
gases, nutrients, and metabolic byproducts
 Diffusion: most imp. Transport
 Filtration causes a net outward movement
of fluid at the arteriolar end
 Osmosis causes a net inward movement
of fluid at the venular end

Venules and Veins
Continue from capillaries and merge to
form veins
 Carry blood to the heart
 Walls are similar to arterial walls

 Thinner
 Contain
tissue
less smooth muscles and elastic
Blood Pressure
& Circulation
Path
Blood Pressure

The force blood exerts against the insides
of blood vessels
Arterial Blood Pressure

Rises and falls with phases of the cardiac
cycle
 Systolic
pressure: ventricle contracts
 Diastolic pressure: ventricle relaxes
Factors Influencing Blood Pressure

Pressure increases with an increase in:
 Cardiac
output
 Blood volume
 Peripheral resistance
 Blood viscosity

(resistance to flow)
Control of Blood Pressure
Medulla Oblongata regulates heart rate
 Mechanisms regulating cardiac output &
peripheral resistance
 More blood that enters the heart, the
stronger the ventricular contraction
 Greater stroke volume and greater cardiac
output

Venous Blood Flow

Depends on skeletal muscle
contraction, breathing
movements, and
venoconstriction
 Venoconstriction
can increase
venous pressure and blood flow

Many veins contain flaplike
valves
 Prevent
back flow of blood
Paths of Circulation

Pulmonary Circuit
 Vessels
that carry blood from the R ventricle to the
lungs  back to L atrium

Systemic Circuit
 Vessels
the lead from the
heart to the body cells and
back to the heart
 Aorta and its branches
Arterial System
Aorta: largest artery
 Coronary
 Barchiocephalic
 Common Carotid

 neck,
head, and brain
Arterial System
Subclavian: neck head, brain, shoulder,
upper limb, abdominal wall
 Thoracic: abdominal wall
 Abdominal: abdominal wall
 Iliac: pelvic organs, lower limbs, and gluteal
region

Venous System
Returns blood to the heart
 Larger veins run parallel to major arteries

Venous System
Jugular Veins: brain,
head, and neck
 Brachiocephalic and
azygos: abdominal and
thoracic wall

Venous System

Hepatic portal system: blood
from abdominal viscera is
carried to liver then to inferior
vena cava

Superficial and deep veins
 upper
limbs and shoulders
 Lower limbs and pelvis