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Daily Grammar Practice (DGP) Notes Grammar A method of describing the way people actually use language in both spoken and written forms. Grammar “rules” depend on: O Culture—where we live and what the norm is O O O O O in our area Economic Status—how much money we make Educational Level—how my education we have obtained Social Group—who we are keeping company with Informal/Formal Setting—where we are Dialect—language/pronunciation depending on where we live Language is constantly evolving (changing): O Old terms become more modern: privy/toilet O Words are incorporated from other languages: burrito O Words are made up: smog (smoke/fog) O Familiar words receive new “invented” uses: “mouse” for the computer So if rules are dependent and language always changes . . . why do we study grammar? Our social mobility and economic success frequently depend upon our ability to communicate with the greatest number of people. In other words . . . SO THAT WE CAN BE SUCCESSFUL IN LIFE! Grammar Quiz 1. Define grammar. 2. What are the six things that affect grammar “rules”. 3. Name four ways in which language constantly evolves (changes). 4. Why do we study grammar? The 8 parts of Speech NOUN A person, place, or thing O Abstract—intangible; cannot touch it love, justice, peace O Concrete—tangible; can touch it house, computer, cat O Proper—names/titles that are capitalized Mrs. Dunbar, Amy, Joey O Common—generic; not capitalized dog, truck, camera O Singular—one bus, boy, shirt O Plural—more than one buses, boys, shirts O Regular—add “s” or “es” to make the noun plural lamps, socks, bosses O Irregular—change form (spelling) or remain unchanged goose/geese sheep/sheep O Countable—can be numbered cookies, toys, pencils O Non-countable—does not have a plural form; cannot be numbered sympathy, laughter, air O Collective—group; a _______ of _______ flock, herd, class, committee OF birds, elk, students, citizens O Possessive Noun—shows ownership O A singular noun can be made possessive by adding (‘s) The blue bike is Jessica’s. The bus’s seats are available. O A plural noun that does not end in (s) can be made possessive by adding (‘s) The women’s reading club will meet at the library. O A plural noun that ends in (s) can be made possessive by adding an (‘) We are studying animals’ habitats. NOUN QUIZ NOUN ABSTRACT/ CONCRETE PROPER/ COMMON SINGULAR/ PLURAL REGULAR/ IRREGULAR friends goose air Mr. Black barn 1. Make the underlined words possessive: The glass liquid. The man coat. The zebra. 2. Name one collective noun. COUNTABLE/ NONCOUNTABLE PRONOUN A word that takes the place of a noun 1st person pronoun—having to do with “me” 2nd person pronoun—having to do with “you” 3rd person pronoun—having to do with everyone Nominative/Subjective—acts as the subject in a sentence. Singular Plural 1st person I we 2nd person you you 3rd person he/she/it they Examples: I am here. We were there. Objective—acts as an object of a verb or preposition. Singular Plural 1st person me us 2nd person you you 3rd person him/her/it them Examples: Sally bought him a present. The company will pay them. Possessive—shows possession of the noun. Singular Plural 1st person mine ours 2nd person yours yours 3rd person his/hers/its theirs Examples: The flowers on the mantel are mine. The books on the shelf are ours. Reflexive/Intensive—refers back to the noun/pronoun used earlier in the sentence. Singular Plural 1st person myself ourselves 2nd person yourself yourselves 3rd person himself/herself/itself themselves Examples: Perry found himself alone. The children themselves baked cookies. Relative—starts dependent clause; that, which, who/whom, whose (modify the noun preceding it) Examples: . . . that has been caged . . . which has been in storage . . . who helped us was courteous . . . whose shoes are red Interrogative Pronoun—asks; who/whom,whose,which,what. Examples: Who will do the work? To whom do I address the letter? Whose is this? Which is the dogs favorite toy? What is the model of that vehicle? Demonstrative—demonstrates which one; this, that, these, those Examples: This is a dirty shirt. These are dirty shirts. That is a clean shirt. Those are clean shirts. Indefinite—takes the place of nouns that cannot be named specifically. Examples: Anybody can learn to skate. Few students walk to school. Someone will visit our home. Reciprocal—restates subject Examples: They love each other. (only two) Nate and Mandy love each other. They love one another. (more than two) The three siblings love one another. PRONOUN QUIZ 1. Define pronoun. 2. 1st person=___, 2nd person=___, 3rd person=___ 3. Define and give an example of the following types of pronouns: subjective objective possessive reflexive relative 4. Brady and Jill walked with _____ _____. (one another/each other) interrogative demonstrative indefinite reciprocal VERB Links two words together, shows action, or helps another verb O Linking—links the subject with a noun/pronoun/adjective that comes after the verb She is pretty. The cake tastes bad. (5 sense verbs) **If it sounds like an action verb, but can be replaced with a “be” verb, it is a linking verb. Be Verbs: am, is, are, was, were, being, been The flower smells pretty. The dog smells the flower. The flower is pretty. YES! The dog is the flower. NO! O Action—the subject performs the action Jennifer threw the ball. O Helping—helps an action or linking verb We have been taking notes on grammar. (taking is an action verb; all verbs before that are helping) She will be cold without a jacket. (be is a linking verb) VERB TENSE Indication of TIME that is going on or has gone by O Present—happening now Jump, talk, eat, is eating O Past—happened previously jumped, talked, fell, was eating O Future—will happen in the future will jump, shall talk, will be eating O Present Perfect—have or has plus past participle has jumped, have been eating O Past Perfect—had plus past participle had jumped, had been eating O Future Perfect—will have or shall have plus past participle will have jumped, shall have talked VERBAL—verb not behaving like verb O Gerund—verb that acts like a noun and end in –ing Reading is fun. I enjoy shopping. O Participle—verb that acts like an adjective Frightened, I ran down the street. I hate burnt toast. O Infinitive—to + verb; can act like a noun I like to eat. I helped drill the hole. (“to” is suggested) . O Transitive—a verb that expresses an action directed towards a direct object (noun) Tell the truth (tell is directed toward truth) O Intransitive—a verb that expresses action without the action being passed to the receiver or object Last Saturday we stayed inside. (inside is a preposition) VERB QUIZ 1. Define verb. 2. Define verbal. 3. Label the following words as action (av), helping (lv), or linking verbs (hv): tastes skated will help 4. Give an example of a verb in the following tenses: present past future present perfect past perfect future perfect 5. Define gerund, participle, and infinitive. 6. What is the difference between transitive and intransitive? ADJECTIVE Describes a noun Tells Which one? How many? and What kind? blue dress, ten dollars, American flag Articles: a, an, the ADVERB Describes an adjective, verb, or other adverb Tells How? When? Where? And To what extent? carefully, yesterday, amazingly Not is always an adverb. ADJECTIVE/ADVERB QUIZ 1. Define adjective. 2. Define adverb. 3. What questions does an adjective 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. answer? What questions does an adverb answer? What are the three articles? Is not an adverb or an adjective? Write a sentence with an adjective and underline it. Write a sentence with an adverb and underline it. PREPOSITION Shows relationship between noun/pronoun and another word across against around at before below between by during except for from in of off on over since through so under until with because to up down into CONJUNCTION Joins words or groups of words O Coordinating FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so O Subordinating start dependent clauses After the dance. . . . Since your were out . . . O Correlative not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and INTERJECTION! A word that shows excitement or emotion Oh! Wow! Aha! Well! Ouch! Hurray! PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, AND INTERJECTION QUIZ 1. Define preposition. 2. Name 6 prepositions. 3. Define conjunction. 4. Name the 7 coordinating conjunctions. 5. Name 3 correlating conjunction. 6. Give an example of two interjections! CLAUSES AND SENTENCE TYPES CLAUSES Every clause must have a subject and a verb. Subject: part of sentence about which something is being said; understood as “you” TYPES OF CLAUSES O Independent—can stand on its own; every sentence must have at least one independent clause. Shelly is a great dancer. O Dependent—cannot stand on its own; it depends on an independent clause. who competes on a regular basis. SENTENCE TYPES O Simple—one independent clause Mike likes to swim. O Compound—two or more independent clauses Mike likes to swim, and he loves to fish. O Complex—one independent clause + one or more dependent clauses Mike likes to swim and fish while he’s out on the lake. O Compound-complex—two or more independent clauses + one or more dependent clauses Mike likes to swim, and he loves to fish while he’s out on the lake. CLAUSES AND SENTENCE TYPES EXERCISE PUNCTUATION O Period—use at the end of a sentence or when abbreviating The boy walked his dog. Mr. Jones works at the office. O Colon—used to list, tell time, or after salutation in a business letter Baily collects many things: rocks, stamps, and cards. It is 5:45 p.m. Dear Mrs. Walsh: O Semicolon—joins two independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction He likes apples; she likes oranges. Also used in a series of words when there are already commas in the clause I love Boston, MA; Atlanta, GA; and Miami, FL. O Underlining/Italicizing Titles of newspapers, magazines, CD’s, movies, novels, plays, musical compositions; names of ships, planes, trains, and artwork O Quotation marks Titles of short stories, poems, songs, articles, TV shows, episodes, dialogue, copied words O Comma Sets off introductory phrases After midnight, I get scared. Joins independent clauses I hope we win, but we might lose. Separates appositives I hope Sally, my friend, can join us. Separates items in a series I love pizza, tacos, and ice cream. Sets off a noun of address Sam, may I borrow your car? Separates dates I was born on Sunday, May 2, 1995. Separates cities and states Salt Lake City, Utah Used with interrupters You can go, I guess, if you pay the fee. CAPITALIZATION O Beginning of every sentence. O Proper nouns O Titles: First and last words All nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs Be, Is and Not Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) Not articles, or prepositions shorter than 5 letters PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION EXERCISES