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Chapter 1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology * Most humans are naturally curious about their bodies and the way that they work. Ex. Babies will spend lots of time staring at their hands and feet. Older children may worry that if they swallow a watermelon seed that it will actually grow in their stomachs. Anatomy= the study of the structure & shape of the body & body parts & their relationships to one another. * derived from the Greek words (tomy) to cut and (ana) apart Two Types of Anatomy 1) 2) Gross Anatomy-studying the large easily observable structures. Microscopic Anatomy- studying very small structures inside the body. Cells and tissues can only be seen this way. Physiology- study of how the body and its parts work or function. * Derived from the Greek words (physio) nature and (ology) study of. * many subdivisions Ex. Neurophysiology-workings of the nervous system. Cardiophysiology-functions of the heart. In the real world anatomy and physiology are always related. Parts of the body are well organized and each part has a specific function. Levels of organization range from the simplest to the most complex. Simplest: Chemical Level ( atoms combine to form molecules) Ex. Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms combine to form Water. Cellular Level (smallest unit of living things) Tissue Level (groups of similar cells working towards the same function) Organ Level (group of organs that work towards the same function) Organ System Level Organism Integumentary System External Covering of Body (Skin) Waterproofs the body Cushions and protects from injury Excretes salts and urea in sweat Helps regulate body temperature ( 98.6 in humans) Temperature, pressure, and pain receptors located in the skin to let the body know what is happening on its surface. Consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints Supports body and provides a framework that muscles can attach and use for movements. Protection ( ex. Brain in skull) Hematopoiesis- formation of blood cells The hard substance in bone stores minerals Contract or shorten= movement Three Types of Muscles= Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac Body’s fast acting control center Consists of Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory Receptors Central Nervous System= Brain and Spinal Cord Nerve Impulses Controls body activities but slowly Produce hormones which are released in the blood Endocrine Glands include: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenals, Thymus, Pancreas, Pineal, Ovaries, and testes. Many different body functions are controlled by hormones. Heart and Blood vessels Blood=transporting fluid contains oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and carbon dioxide White Blood Cells= Immune System Heart= Blood Pump Complimentary to the Cardiovascular System Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, And tonsils Lymphatic Vessels-return fluid leaked from blood to blood vessels-keeps blood circulating Lymph Nodes= Cleanse the blood and help with immunity Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in the urine Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra Maintains the body’s water and salt balance Regulates the acid/base balance of the blood Function is to produce offspring Different system for males/females Function is to keep the body constantly supplied with Oxygen and to remove Carbon Dioxide. Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, and lungs. Gas Exchange is made to and from the blood. Tube running through the body from mouth to anus. Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and rectum. Function is to break down food and turn it into a usable form for the body. Breakdown begins in the mouth and continues through the small intestine. Also reclaims water . Liver is a digestive organ-bile breaks down fat Pancreas-delivers digestive enzymes to s. intestine Organ systems do not work in isolation, instead they work together to promote the well being of the entire body. An organism’s inside must remain separate from its outside. Every cell is enclosed by a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves the cell. The body’s Integumentary System protects the internal structures of the body from: drying out (fatal) Bacteria Damaging effects of heat, sunlight, chemical substances Includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system. Muscular system and the skeletal system work together. Movement also occurs when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through the internal organs. The ability to sense changes in the environment and then to react to them. Examples: If you place your hand on a hot burner, you pull away without thinking about it When CO2 levels get too high you breath out. **Nervous System is highly irritable but all the cells in the body exhibit some level of irritability. The process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be used by the body. Digestion is a different process for single and multi-celled organisms 1. 2. 3. A broad term that refers to all chemical rxns that occur within body cells. Breaking complex substances into simpler ones. Making larger structures from smaller ones. Using nutrients & oxygen to produce ATP molecules. Depends on the digestive & respiratory systems to make nutrients & oxygen available to the blood Depends on the Cardiovascular system to distribute these substances throughout the body. Regulated chiefly by hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system. Process of removing wastes from the body. The body must remove nonuseful substances in order to function properly. There are several body systems that are involved in this process: Digestive Sys.-rids the body of indigestible food Excretory Sys- disposes of nitrogen containing wastes. Circulatory Sys./ Respiratory Sys.- removes CO2 from the blood Production of offspring Can occur on the cellular or organismal level Mitosis-reproduction of identical daughter cells Meiosis-reproduction of sex cells (sperm/egg) The function of the reproductive sys. is regulated by the hormones of the endocrine system. Single celled organisms grow in size Multi-celled organisms grow in size and number. In order for growth to occur, cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than celldestroying ones. Goal of nearly all body systems is to maintain life! Requires several factors to be present: Nutrients Oxygen Water Appropriate Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Are used for energy and cell building Humans are heterotrophic Different types of nutrients are used for different purposes within the body. Carbohydrates Major energy-providing fuel for body cells Easily broken down for quick energy Protein Essential for building cell structures Muscle cells Fats Cushion body organs Used for reserve fuel Vitamins and Minerals Needed for the chemical rxns that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood. All of the nutrients in the world would be useless w/out oxygen. The chemical rxn that releases energy from food requires oxygen(cellular respiration) 20% of the air we breathe is oxygen Made available to the blood & other body cells through the respiratory and cardiovascular sys. Accounts for 60-80% of body weight Most abundant chemical substance in the body Responsible for all of the body’s excretions and secretions. Obtained from ingested foods and liquids Lost through evaporations through lungs and skin Optimal body temp. is 98.6 F ( 37 C) Lower=slower metabolic reactions until they finally stop. Higher=chemical rxns happen too fast causing body proteins to begin to break down. At either extreme=death Most body heat is generated by the activity of the skeletal muscles. The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air=atmospheric pressure Breathing and the exchange of O2 and CO2 depend on atmospheric pressure.
