Download Human Body

Chapter 1
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
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* Most humans are naturally curious about
their bodies and the way that they work.
 Ex. Babies will spend lots of time staring at their hands
and feet.
 Older children may worry that if they swallow a
watermelon seed that it will actually grow in their
stomachs.
Anatomy= the study of the structure & shape of
the body & body parts & their relationships to
one another.
* derived from the Greek words (tomy) to
cut and (ana) apart
Two Types of Anatomy
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Gross Anatomy-studying the large easily
observable structures.
Microscopic Anatomy- studying very small
structures inside the body. Cells and tissues
can only be seen this way.
Physiology- study of how the body and its parts work
or function.
* Derived from the Greek words (physio)
nature and (ology) study of.
* many subdivisions
Ex. Neurophysiology-workings of
the nervous system.
Cardiophysiology-functions of the
heart.
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In the real world anatomy and physiology are
always related.
Parts of the body are well organized and each
part has a specific function.
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Levels of organization range from the simplest
to the most complex.
Simplest: Chemical Level
( atoms combine to form molecules)
Ex. Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms
combine to form Water.
Cellular Level
(smallest unit of living things)
Tissue Level
(groups of similar cells working towards the same
function)
Organ Level
(group of organs that work towards the same
function)
Organ System Level
Organism
Integumentary System
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External Covering of Body (Skin)
Waterproofs the body
Cushions and protects from injury
Excretes salts and urea in sweat
Helps regulate body temperature ( 98.6 in humans)
Temperature, pressure, and pain receptors located in the
skin to let the body know what is happening on its
surface.
 Consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
 Supports body and provides a framework that muscles
can attach and use for movements.
 Protection ( ex. Brain in skull)
 Hematopoiesis- formation of blood cells
 The hard substance in bone stores minerals
 Contract or shorten= movement
 Three Types of Muscles= Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
 Body’s fast acting control center
 Consists of Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory
Receptors
 Central Nervous System= Brain and Spinal Cord
 Nerve Impulses
 Controls body activities but slowly
 Produce hormones which are released in the blood
 Endocrine Glands include: Pituitary, Thyroid,
Parathyroids, Adrenals, Thymus, Pancreas, Pineal,
Ovaries, and testes.
 Many different body functions are controlled by
hormones.
 Heart and Blood vessels
 Blood=transporting fluid contains oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, and carbon dioxide
 White Blood Cells= Immune System
 Heart= Blood Pump
 Complimentary to the Cardiovascular System
 Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen,
And tonsils
 Lymphatic Vessels-return fluid leaked from blood to
blood vessels-keeps blood circulating
 Lymph Nodes= Cleanse the blood and help with
immunity
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Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from
the blood and flushes them from the body in
the urine
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Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra
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Maintains the body’s water and salt balance
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Regulates the acid/base balance of the blood
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Function is to produce offspring
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Different system for males/females
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Function is to keep the body constantly
supplied with Oxygen and to remove Carbon
Dioxide.
Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,
bronchi, and lungs.
Gas Exchange is made to and from the blood.
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Tube running through the body from mouth to
anus.
Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestine, and rectum.
Function is to break down food and turn it into a
usable form for the body.
Breakdown begins in the mouth and continues
through the small intestine.
Also reclaims water .
Liver is a digestive organ-bile breaks down fat
Pancreas-delivers digestive enzymes to s. intestine
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Organ systems do not work in isolation,
instead they work together to promote the well
being of the entire body.
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An organism’s inside must remain separate
from its outside.
Every cell is enclosed by a cell membrane that
controls what enters and leaves the cell.
The body’s Integumentary System protects the
internal structures of the body from:
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drying out (fatal)
Bacteria
Damaging effects of heat, sunlight, chemical
substances
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Includes all the activities promoted by the
muscular system.
Muscular system and the skeletal system work
together.
Movement also occurs when substances such
as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled
through the internal organs.
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The ability to sense changes in the environment
and then to react to them.
Examples:
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If you place your hand on a hot burner, you pull
away without thinking about it
When CO2 levels get too high you breath out.
**Nervous System is highly irritable but all the cells in
the body exhibit some level of irritability.
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The process of breaking down ingested food
into simple molecules that can be used by the
body.
Digestion is a different process for single and
multi-celled organisms
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A broad term that refers to all chemical rxns
that occur within body cells.
Breaking complex substances into simpler
ones.
Making larger structures from smaller ones.
Using nutrients & oxygen to produce ATP
molecules.
Depends on the digestive & respiratory
systems to make nutrients & oxygen available
to the blood
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Depends on the Cardiovascular system to
distribute these substances throughout the
body.
Regulated chiefly by hormones secreted by the
glands of the endocrine system.
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Process of removing wastes from the body.
The body must remove nonuseful substances in
order to function properly.
There are several body systems that are
involved in this process:
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Digestive Sys.-rids the body of indigestible food
Excretory Sys- disposes of nitrogen containing
wastes.
Circulatory Sys./ Respiratory Sys.- removes CO2
from the blood
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Production of offspring
Can occur on the cellular or organismal level
Mitosis-reproduction of identical daughter cells
Meiosis-reproduction of sex cells (sperm/egg)
The function of the reproductive sys. is
regulated by the hormones of the endocrine
system.
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Single celled organisms grow in size
Multi-celled organisms grow in size and
number.
In order for growth to occur, cell-constructing
activities must occur at a faster rate than celldestroying ones.
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Goal of nearly all body systems is to maintain
life!
Requires several factors to be present:
 Nutrients
 Oxygen
 Water
 Appropriate Temperature
 Atmospheric Pressure
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Are used for energy and cell building
Humans are heterotrophic
Different types of nutrients are used for
different purposes within the body.
Carbohydrates
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Major energy-providing fuel for body cells
Easily broken down for quick energy
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Protein
Essential for building cell structures
Muscle cells
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Fats
Cushion body organs
Used for reserve fuel
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Vitamins and Minerals
Needed for the chemical rxns that go on in cells
and for oxygen transport in the blood.
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All of the nutrients in the world would be
useless w/out oxygen.
The chemical rxn that releases energy from
food requires oxygen(cellular respiration)
20% of the air we breathe is oxygen
Made available to the blood & other body cells
through the respiratory and cardiovascular sys.
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Accounts for 60-80% of body weight
Most abundant chemical substance in the body
Responsible for all of the body’s excretions and
secretions.
Obtained from ingested foods and liquids
Lost through evaporations through lungs and
skin
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Optimal body temp. is 98.6 F ( 37 C)
Lower=slower metabolic reactions until they
finally stop.
Higher=chemical rxns happen too fast causing
body proteins to begin to break down.
At either extreme=death
Most body heat is generated by the activity of
the skeletal muscles.
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The force exerted on the surface of the body by
the weight of the air=atmospheric pressure
Breathing and the exchange of O2 and CO2
depend on atmospheric pressure.