Download Bio 101 Test 5 Study Guide Test 5 will cover chapters 34, 36, 37

Bio 101 Test 5
Study Guide
Test 5 will cover chapters 34, 36, 37 & 38
Test Format: Multiple choice, matching, true/false, label parts of diagrams
For each chapter:
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Read “Reviewing the concepts”
Do “Connecting the concepts”
Try to answer as many questions as you can in “Testing your knowledge”
Chapter 34: The Biosphere: Earth’s diverse environments
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Read opening essay on The Biospehre: Define biosphere. What does the biosphere consist of?
What are chemoautotrophs? What kind of organism are these? Where do they grow? How do
they obtain energy? How are these different from photoautotrophs?
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The Biosphere (34.1): What is ecology? What kind of things do ecologists study at different
levels? Remind yourself of the hierarchy of life from chapter 1. For example how does a
community different from population? Ecosystem from community?
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Who raised the environmental awareness in the 1960’s (34.2)? What was her book about?
What chemical was widely used to control pests around this time? What are some of the
immediate and long term consequences of the massive pesticide applications?
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Define abiotic and biotic factors (34.3): Give five examples of each.
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Natural selection and adaptation (34.4): Name two different things that organisms are adapted
to? (abiotic and biotic factors). Keep in mind that natural selection is only an editing
mechanism, it does not create variation. Natural selection acts on the variation created by
genetic mutations. Without genetic mutations, there will be nothing for natural selection to
work upon. (This is an advantage of mutation). What are some of the adaptations of the
pronghorn?
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Biomes of the world (34.6-34.17 This section is given for self study). Learn names of all aquatic
and terrestrial biomes. In general where are they located on earth, what are their climate and
main characteristics and what kinds of animal and plant species are found on each biome?
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Learn the different environments in the marine biome & give examples of animals living in each
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Which biome is the largest in area? Which one produces the most biomass? Which one has the
most biodiversity?
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The global water cycle (34.18). Which biomes are connected by the water cycle? How does
human activity can alter water cycle?
Chapter 36: Population Ecology
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Read opening essay on Emperor penguins.
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Learn what population ecologists study (36.1): Give your own examples.
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Density & dispersion (36.2): Define population density. What are the three patterns of
dispersion within a population’s geographical area? What could be reasons for displaying a
certain dispersal pattern?
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Life tables and three types of survivorship curves (36.3). What type of curves do humans,
elephants, frogs, fish, and squirrels have? What are the reasons for having different kinds of
survivorship curves?
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Learn the difference between exponential growth model vs. logistics growth model (36.4).
Which type of growth was observed in the human population over the past 2000 years? This
changed around year 2000 to the other type.
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What is the equation for the exponential growth model? What is r? What is K? What is the
relationship between K, population density, birth rate and death rate?
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What factors could limit population growth (36.4-36.6)? What are the reasons for boom and
bust cycles?
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What is the reason that ecologists study populations (36.8)? Give an example which illustrates
the value or practical application of population ecology.
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Human population growth (36.9). Know the difference between an increase in population size
vs. rate of increase in population. Which countries have the greatest rate of increase? Why do
you think that is? How do birth rate and death rate determine population growth?
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What is meant by demographic transition (36.9)? Why does this happen? Do you expect the
now-developing nations to reduce their birth rates in the coming decades?
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Ecological footprint (36.11): Define this. What is this measured in? Which countries in the world
have high ecological foot prints? Which ones have low ecological footprints? Why do we say
that the US has a large ecological deficit? Who is responsible for this deficit? What can YOU do
about reducing the ecological deficit?
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Chapter 37: Communities and Ecosystems
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Define community. (37.1) What are three properties of communities? Identify various
populations that make the community in Greenville Tech Barton campus. How do the
populations interact with each other in this community?
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Identify populations in your back yard community and state how they might interact with each
other.
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What is meant by interspecific interactions (37.2)? List five different ways species interact with
each other. For each type of interaction what is the outcome for each species? + sign means a
positive outcome, - means a negative impact on that species.
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Competition (37.3): When does competition occur? What is the outcome? Give some examples
of competition among species. Learn what is meant by ecological niche and how does it relate
to competition
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Mutualism (37.4): Who benefits under mutualism? Give examples not in your text book
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Predation (37.5): Because predation has such negative impact on the success of prey
population, prey have evolved various mechanisms to avoid predation. What are these? Give
examples not in your text.
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Herbivory (37.6): What is herbivory and how have plants evolved to avoid being eaten? Follow
the co-evolution story of Heliconius caterpillar and the passionflower wine.

Read the article on Darwin’s Hawk moth and the Christmas Star orchid. How did Darwin predict
the presence of a moth with a long proboscis?
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Parasites and pathogens (37.7). How do parasites and pathogen change community
composition?
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What is meant by trophic structure? (37.8). Learn the order of the terrestrial and aquatic food
chain. Be able to figure out your trophic level when you eat a hamburger, have a salad, etc.
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What are detritivores and decomposers? Give examples. How do they help recycle nutrients in
the food chain?
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Food web (37.9) is a more realistic representation of the movement of nutrients in the
ecosystem. Consumers at the highest level of food web become food for which organisms?
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Skip 37.10
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Keystone species (37.11) Define a key stone species. Name one marine and one terrestrial
keystone species. How do these species hold the communities together?
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Skip 37.12
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Invasive species (37.13). How does an invasive species affect the community/ Give examples of
invasive animals and plants.
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Ecosystem ecology (37.14). Define an ecosystem. What is the factor that flows through the
ecosystem and what is transferred within the ecosystem?
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Why is primary production (37.15) the key in setting energy budgets for the ecosystems? Learn
the productivity of different ecosystems? Which one is the most productive in lad? In water?
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How does energy production limit the length of food chain (37.16)? The conversion of energy
from sunlight to producers is 1%, after that the conversion to higher levels is 10% in each step.
How is the energy lost? How does this explain why to predators such as hawks, bears and lions
need large areas to feed on?
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Why is meat eating considered a luxury (37.17)? Give five reasons. How many vegetarians could
be supported by the same amount of grain produced to feed one meat eating human being?
Why did the ecological foot print calculator asked whether or not you eat meat. How does meat
eating relate to resource consumption?

Learn the Carbon cycle (37.19). What is the only method that can remove C from the
environment? Who are responsible for recycling C in dead animals, plants and humans as well.
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P cycle (37.20) We covered this very briefly. What biological molecules require P? P does not
exist in the atmosphere as a gas. Most phosphates are in rocks
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N cycle (37.21) What biological molecules require N? What are the two abiotic reservoirs of N?
What is the % of N in the air? Can plants absorb N directly from the air? Which organisms can
help plants absorb N from the air. What is this process called? A family of plants called legumes
has these organisms growing in their root nodules. Give examples of legume plants.
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How can nutrients degrade an aquatic ecosystem (37.22)? How can excessive fertilizer
application in the Midwest affect the fish species living in the Gulf of Mexico? What nutrients
cause algal blooms and dead zones?
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Name five services provided by the ecosytems (37.23). Why is modern agriculture said to
threaten the services provided by the ecosystems? Can we continue this form of food
production for long?
Chapter 38: Conservation Biology

Read the chapter opener “Saving the tiger”. What is the goal of conservation?
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What is biodiversity? Biodiversity crisis? What is meant by countering biodiversity crisis?
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Define Biodiversity (38.1). Why should we care about the loss of biodiversity? Who is
responsible for this loss?
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Name five medicines that are made from plants. In the US _____% of all prescriptions contain
medicine derived from plants. Olden days this used to be 100% meaning that all medicine came
from plants in the beginning.
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What are the three levels of biodiversity? (38.1) Explain each one. Where do endangered
species and threatened species fit in? Which ecosystem is most in danger of collapse?
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What are the five major threats to biodiversity? (38.2) Which one is the greatest threat? Name
three invasive species in this country
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What is biological magnification (38.2)? Know its significance in the food web. Why is it safer to
eat low in the trophic level of food web ?
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Global climate change (38.3). What is meant by global warming? What evidence we have.
Where on earth is global warming more obvious in? How is global warming changing the global
and local climate?
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Who’s activities are responsible for global warming (38.4) What is the cause of global warming.
Name three gases that can contribute to global warming? How are these gases produced?
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Global climate change affects _________, __________, __________, and ___________ (38.5)
What are some of the effects of global climate change?
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Global climate change is an agent of ________________________ (38.6). What is phenotypic
plasticity? Give one example.
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What is the goal of conservation Biology? (38.7) Name one success story in conservation
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What human actions result in population fragmentation (38.8) How can we remedy this
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What are biodiversity hot spots (38.9)? Where are they located on a world map? What is an
endemic species? Name three bio diversity hot spots in the world (38.9). See map. Where is
Madagascar located in the map?
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Zoned reserves (38.10). Name one country that has set aside more than a quarter of its land as
nature reserve or parks
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Connecting protected areas (38.11). Read this section. For what reasons are wolves considered
a keystone species?
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What is the ultimate goal in development? (38.13). What do we stand to lose if fail to recognize
the ecological crises at hand? How can study of Biology help?
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