Download Student Sourcing

The^ CardAxyvoMMlar Syitem/
Chapt&r^ 20-21
Obiectives:
•
•
•
w
Describe the organization of the cardiovascular system and of the heart.
Describe the location and general features of the heart.
Trace the flow of blood through the heart, identifying the major blood vessels, chambers,
and heart valves.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Describe the vascular supply to the heart.
Describe the events of an action potential in cardiac muscle.
Discuss the differences between nodal cells and conducting cells, and describe the
components and functions of the conducting system of the heart.
Identify the electrical events associated with a normal electrocardiogram.
Explain the events of the cardiac cycle, including atrial and ventricular systole and
diastole, and relate the heart sounds to specific events in the cycle.
Define cardiac output, and describe the factors that influence this variable.
•
Describe the variables that influence heart rate.
•
•
•
•
Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on the basis of their structure and function.
Explain the mechanisms that regulate blood flow through arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Describe the factors that influence blood pressure and how blood pressure is regulated.
Explain how the cardiovascular system responds to changes in the body's conditions.
•
•
Identify the major arteries and veins of the pulmonary circuit and the areas they serve.
Identify the major arteries and veins of the systemic circuit and the areas they serve.
Sequence:
The unit will be divided into the following areas:
Part A: Structure
1. The function of the circulatory system and superficial heart anatomy
2. Internal heart anatomy and heart function
3. Sheep heart dissection
Part B: Function
1. Systemic and pulmonary circulations
2. Contraction and cardiac cycle
3. Electrocardiogram features
Part C: Blood Vessels and Circulation
1. Arteries, veins and capillaries
2. Blood pressure
3. Major arteries and veins
Part D: Heart Disease/Disorders
Presentation Project
Online Help:
httD://msiensen.education.umn.eduAvebanatomy/cardiovascular/defauIt.html
httD://>vw>v.2>vc.maricoDa.cdu/class/bio202/cvberheart/hartint0.htm
httD://vvww.£rvvc.maricor)a.edu/cIass/bio202/cvberhcart/hartbak.htm
httD://librarv.med.utah.edu/k\v/Dharm/hyper heartl.html
httD:/Avw>v.ca rdioconsuIt.com/Anatomy/
Ch. 20 The Heartbeat
Two types of Cardiac Muscle
1. Conducting System- Controls and coordinates heartbeat
2. Contractile System- Muscle contraction-^propels blood
A. Conducting System:
1. Begins in the Rt. Atrium (poster, wall-near Sup Ven Cav)
a. SA node (Sinoatrial-pacemaker cells) action potential
generated here independent of the nervous system
regular intervals (80-100 AP/min)- although slower than
this due to chemicals of body (72 beats /min)
-> cells never reach resting potential & are small
b. A,P. through the Internodal Pathway to the AV node
-> a.p. travels through contractile cells of both atria
-> Takes 50ms for a.p. to travel from SA to AV
+20 mV
Sinoatrial
{SA)node
Internodal
-20 mV
pathways
-40 mV"
Atriovenlricular
(AVO node
AV bundle
Bundle
branches
v.)f4— Pufkinje
(a) The conducting system
>ne .gpjbfcihi'q «a B+rtam**CawfMna*
^ f^epotential
(spontaneous depolarization)
55
Time (sec)
»
ib) Depolarization at the SA node
Rate of impulse slows down due to smaller cells and
inefficient connections (40-60 AP/min)
Delay important-allows vents to fill before contraction
d. From AV node^ Bundle of HIS (the only electrical connection
between the atria and ventricles)
Bundle Branches (IV Septum)- right and left (larger)
Purkinje fibers^ moderator band-^ papillary muscles
e. Abnormalities-
Bradychardia- heart rate slow
-> Tachychardia- heart rate fast
B. Contractile System- Ventricular Muscle Contraction
1. Action Potentials from the Purkinje fibers stimulate the
contractile cells in the atrial and ventricular walls
2. A.P. leads to Ca binding to troponin, etc. etc.
The Cardiac Cycle- the period between the start of one heartbeat
and the start of the next - .8 seconds at rest
Systole- Contraction
Diastole- Relaxation
The two atria contract while the two ventricles relax- Atrial
Systole, Ventricular Diastole
Then, the two atria relax while the two ventricles contractAtrial Diastole, Ventricular Systole
Cardiac Cycle in 3 phases:
1. Relaxation Period (.4 seconds)- Ventricles start to relax
(pressure falls- opening AV valves again) and all 4 chambers
are in diastole
75% of ventricular filling occurs before the atria
contract
2. Atrial Systole (.1 seconds-contraction)- Action potential
from SA node causes atria to contract- forces the last 25%
of blood into ventricles
AV valves still open, semilunar closed
3. Ventricular Systole (.3 seconds-contraction)- Ventricles
receive action potential/signal & contract
closes AV valves, pressure increases forcing
semilunars open
ventricles begin to relax, pressure drops &
semilunars close
Exercise decreases the relaxation period
Heart sounds:
1. First sound (lubb)- AV valves close
2. Second sound (dub)- Semilunar valves close
3. Pause between them during relaxation period
Heart Anatomy & Physiology (Chapter 20)
Heart Diagram §1:
1. Label the numbered regions of the anterior view of the heart
2. Using the color red for oxygenated blood and blue for deoxygenated blood,
shade in the pictured heart chambers and major blood vessels with the
appropriate color.
3. Label the base and the apex of the heart
Heart Diagram U2:
1. Label the numbered regions of the posterior view of the heart
2. Using the color red for oxygenated blood and blue for deoxygenated blood,
shade in the pictured heart chambers and major blood vessels with the
appropriate color.
Heart Diagram #5:
1. Label the numbered regions of the interior of the heart
2. Using the color green, shade in any atrioventricularvalves that are illustrated
3. Using the color yellow, shade in any semi-lunar valves that are illustrated
4. Using the color red for oxygenated blood and blue for deoxygenated blood,
shade in the pictured heart chambers and major blood vessels with the
appropriate color.
5. Shade in the arrows found inside the heart red ifthey show oxygenated
blood flow or blue if they indicate deoxygenated blood flow
6. Using the arrows in and around the heart as a guide, label the following
wherever applicable:
a. Deoxygenated blood from body
b. Deoxygenated blood to the lungs
c. Oxygenated blood to the heart
d. Oxygenated blood to the body
11.
Heart Diagram 1
^RtLJK
right:
teNTRieffi
Pw^fon t^ifsi^kn. lrt«^
£» @ir4ar;#i Ci^navfi^
1. ^srpW;r5 (Xrifl-g^
2. SiApefior \)My\ Pc^ue^
siigA P(AW^)/v)rf^ nr^r(^
3. ^lAr'.r\g, r-p f
9i A^fKryypjAhM
4.
f'',t.f-f I'/IAA
avA }(>< <AO.. V*. tor r-. r.
5.F^k
\f\ rShir^or
6. A<Arid
\oPl^ Al-f wi rA
C''-
lO^P'^Cg
lV'^P"t~T^A
nApr^Op ^0
Heart Diagram 2
1.
6.
5.
•l\rc\-^
l^/-7r4rA
7.'Ct\Qjr\c,r \fO''n\ C/>\}C^
•
^'Pkrij
3.Le,P^-
4?f\^
f L r,fyr)
v/Cvr^
;»A rg;rbf\Cjri^ ?>u\f lO-l^if^VvV PtAw^rrfViurt^
S-Corot^riiTu S,iAiAi,
fli^fCr^fviCvA)^
6.
^
(C"JC.
M
'
LVfl|f"A . ' jiaiH
r"' •@'
ir^:
y
Li ^
Kt®#W^'^'.'r'.
dB"^: -
|1;
2.R\C^VnV AVfiU'AA
3.rLiS^ or
\j
+
9.Ch<^jrii/'^
/'4f>/!u«,D;HW&Wf.
loLprr ^
iVr t ^
fAor
0<fAr.A
/
' Anatomy <& Plysiolog)/
The Cardiac Cycle andElectrocardiogram Notes
ardiac Cycle (pg 691+)
1. What marks the beginning of the cardiac cycle?
2. What is the main event during this phase of the cycle?
VAC<Afri(:ie
3. Are the AV valves open or closed? Semi-lunar valves?
4. What is the end-diastolic volume? What is it for the average adult?
OvV'
)3Osv\\ e)(^ b^O<2>c^
5. What happens in the second phase of the cardiac cycle?
6. What happens to the AV valves during this phase?
fhe^j (ke
7. When do the semi-lunar valves open?
pr-'SSi/jft -.'A
Ucw,hric)c, ?
0^ ^
L\
r^e.
8. What is stroke volume? What is the average stroke volume for adults?
U
9. Hov^^ does this compare with the end diastolic volume?
^ lfvsroiA3>i^
16-#.p 1^1
.
v;q)ua^
I
I
i(\)
10. What is the end-systolic volume?
>
VV\\
11. What happens in the third phase of the cardiac cycle?
VGAAfricJ^ fj'CA'lhak 'Vmhicjc-,
12. What happens to the AV valves in this phase and why?
I
thaI-
n>il5 WooJ ani^
A(J
13. What is the longest phase of the cardiac cycle?
Vey\fr»fJ(Xr
14. Damage to the atria would result in...
l^vr\)\\}cjr-
^^
0 Cci
15. Damage to the ventricles could result in...
fo
Electrocardiogram (pg 687+)
1. What is an electrocardiogram?
>
Arccon-).'!^
it'A
2. Define each ofthe following features of an ECG:
r
a. Pwave-^^c^O/^P'^^*'^^ h-,c
oW.f Zi
0^
afhr h-e
b. QRS Complex-h
c.
\
T wave-
UeYvt-rlrAylG-r- reJ^)o4 >!
\
i >
^
/Ke
^
(^C
i
P c^ewc.
!
3. What are ^gments &intervals in an ECG?
0(o<r,c
Alre
€frj.r^
of Oi-r>]-)ve^
4. "^at is the PR interval?
/
IVe 5^^^ O'f cr/rj^l
5. What is the QT interval?
^>v?fi^.ccks f^e.
i ix
C
^ S/w^r r^€ (Vn^
.
_
for fhe (/e^(yi'cJ«g 4^ (M^dl/y,
ccacvc or
6. Lkoel both the features and intervals of an ECG in the diagram below:
r+l
-+0.5
^ v^l^ve
or^
! !y^
-0
I 3-"f •'A^On/'iJv)
I
I
'
L
I
I
I
I
I
I
--0,5
7. In analyzing an ECG, list 3 examples of abnormalities that can be detected using an ECG and how they
would be identified on the actual ECG
Pac^i
PKT
'Wt&r Qy]e2^
C. Electrocardiography
In addition to these three waves, an ECG also contains in
tervals or segments between the waves.
The conduction of action potentials throughout the heart
can be detected as electrical currents. An instrument
\ . .
called an electrocardiograph is used to record the elec
trical changes in the heart. The chart recording ofthe elec
• P-Q interval—the interval between the beginning
of the P wave until the beginning of the Q (in the
QRS wave); some texts call this the P-R interval; it
trical events that occur before each heartbeat is called an
represents the time it takes for the electrical con
electrocardiogram (ECG; originally called an EKG).
duction to travel through the atria and AV node to
The electrical events that are recorded are from the en
the Purkinje (conduction) fibers.
• S-T segment—the segment from the end of theS
(in QRS wave) to the beginning of the T wave; it
represents the timethe ventricular fibers are fully
tire heart muscle (i.e., the atria and the ventricles) and
not just the conduction system activity. The ECG records
only voltage changes over time, and not the force of con
traction. Cardiac muscle will contract after the action po
tential has occurred.
ECGs are usually recorded by indirect leads, with elec
trodes placed on the skin of the subject's arms and legs
rather than onthe heart itself. The electrical impulses gen
depolarized.
• Q-T interval—the interval that begins at the Q (in
the QRS wave) to the end of theT wave; it rqxesents
the time from the beginning of ventricular d^laiization until the endof ventricular repolarization.
erated by thedepolarization and repolarization of the atria
and ventricles are detected on the body surface due to the
conductivity of the ions in extracellular fluid. Clinically,
12 standard leads are used to record an ECG for diagnos
ing abnormalities ofthe conduction system, myocardial in
farctions, and other clinical situations. However, in
anatomy and physiology classes, usually a three standard
Lead
Lead 111
lead ECG is examined.
1. Parts of an ECG
i
The main parts of a typical three lead ECG are:
• P wave—first wave; small, curved upward deflec
tion; represents atrial depolarization that spreads
from the SA node just before the atria contract.
• QRS complex—short downward deflection (Q);
tall upward deflection (R); medium downward de
flection (S); represents ventricular depolariza
tion that spreads from the AV node, AV bundle,
right and left bundle branches and to the Purkinje
(conduction) fibers just before the ventricles
contract.
NOTE: Atria! repolarization takes place during the QRS
complex, but gets overshadowed by the more prominent ven
tricular depolarization.
• T wave—mediiim, curved upward deflection; repre
sents ventricular repolarization and occurs just
before the ventricles relax.
Ground
FIGURE 2IB.3
Three standard lead petitions.
ACTIVITY 3
2. Determining Heart Rate Using an ECG
Electrocardiography
1 t^bel the terms for an ECG in Figure 21B.4 a normal
In an adult a heart rate of 60—100 beats/min isa normal
sinus rhythm (NSR). Aheart rate above 100 beats/min,
EGG.
Record an ECG at rest and after exercise ifequipment
available.
lis activity with a lab partner. C^se who will
be the^$^ject and who will do^tfe^rccording. Have
the subjebtylie on the cot op^t^me area with apillow
or towel un^c^e head^
Swab the skin whqre^lie electrodes will be placed
with alcohol, and ml»\^pply elwtrode paste, jelly,
called tachycardia, but in young children, this rate wo ^
be considered normal. Heart rates below 60beats/min are
normal for highly conditioned individuals, but in other
adults, heart rates below 60 beats/min arc called bradycardia. Neither condition is considered to be pathological.
Prolonged tachycardia can develop into fibrillation, rapid
uncoordinated heart contractions that do not pump blood.
Heart ratecan be easilycalculated from an ECG. Stan
or cream only t^e smhe^area (see Figure 21B.3).
dard ECGs are printed on paper moving ata psqxr speed
of 25 mm/sec. Therefore, the distance of 1 mm (1 small
wrist and t^e inside area of ehqh ankle.
squareon standard ECG paper) is equivalent to 0.04sec.
Connect t^ patient cables to the ^trodes and
To calculate heart rate:
Attach the ele^odes to the^iUeiior surface of each
also to;EDe recording instrument
Follpw your instructor's directions for recbi;^ng the
^G with your equipment.
Label the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, P-Q inter
val, S-T segment and Q-T interval on the recorded
1. Measure the distance between the start of one P wave
to the start of the next P wave bycounting the num
ber of smallsquares between them.
2. Multiply the number ofsquares by 0.04 sec to give
the time in seconds for one beat, or sec/beatThis is
the length of one cardiac cycle.
ECG. .
3. Since there are 60 seconds in one minute, divide 60
by youranswer in step 2.
Example: Step 1—20 small squares (20 mm) are counted
between two P waves.
(
Step 2—0.04 sec X 20 mm = 0.8 sec/beat
Step 3-
60 sec/min
0.8 sec/beat
-P-Q rnterval
QRS. oemplox
Q-T interval
Sffatogmont'
0.2
0.4
0.6
Seconds
1 P vjsl
2 P— ^ Va) 0"
3
S-T
5 "T VvlO VC
eArl.
FI6URE 21B.4 Sectionof a normal ECG, Lead II.
= 75 beats/min
r
ftHll'lU'ffl HeTiTTaTTciT^nitT^]^
' Znd'T
' '"•""
in Figure 21B.5a,
•.wo Pwa^r''"
• MuJtiply the nutnber of squares by 004 sec to de
.be Itearfrat
Figure 21B.5a=:^bea.s/n,in
2 Determine which ECG in Figure :jir <; n
• bradycardia
• tachycardia
T"- «
F.gure21B.5b =t^5ea.s/,nip-—
Figure 21B.5c=JiC^beats/r "^
/
mmmm
'iaMfffi
aillii}
I, ,•
fMPMlimsKi
iiiiilffls®
\1
fIfiURE ;iB.5 Tracings of ECGs, Lead II.
^^igure (a)
_
• normal sinus rhythm P'gure (b) £]/;r/l^i_
isliaBI
«#teaaafeK#i^^
,
3. Calculating Lengths of EGG Segments
ACTIVITY 5 Calculate Lengths of
the ECG Segments
ECGs are important for diagnosing and following the
course of abnormal electrical conductions or cardiac
rhythms. The normal intervals of an ECG in seconds are
1 Calculate the lengths of the ECG segments on Figuf^
given below along with the potential disorder if the inter
2IB.6. Count the squares between the beginning to tic:
vals are abnormal.
end of that segment. Multiply this number by 0.04 sec
to determine the length of the segment in secMids.
• P-Q intervals: Normal P-Q intervals (the time be
tween atrial and ventricular depolarization) are be
tween 0.12 and 0.2 seconds, averaging about 0.16
seconds. P-Q intervals longer than 0.2 seconds
could be indicative of a heart block. A heart block
could be produced by cardiac damage to the AV
node or AV bundle, reducing electrical conduction
from the atria to the ventricles. A complete hear
block results in the ventricles depolarizing inde
pendently from the atria.
• QRS complex: A normal QRS complex is 0.06to
0.10 seconds. If this complex is longer than 0.12
seconds, a right or left bundle branch block may
be considered, and the two ventricles do not con
tract simultaneously. This condition increases the
QRS length.
• Q-T interval: A normal Q-T interval is 0.3-0.38
• P-Q interval = i
L
• QRS complex = 1
sec
sec
terval = / 0 ^ sec
• Relation period (end ofTwave to Pwave) =
sec
•
ra/c (count the squares between thebegiiH
/ning oftwo P waves) = liT2 sec/beat now amvert to beats/min =
2 Answer discussion questions with your lab partner.
Qdiscussion questions
hichECG segments in Figure 21B.6 is(arc) alwormal?
seconds. The interval becomes longer as the heart
rate decreases, and the interval becomes shorter as
the heart rate increases. Myocardial ischemia (de,creased blood flow) or myocardial damage length
ens the normal interval.
o
2 Explain how thsrmlaxation period changes whra heait,'^^
rate increase^n^hen heart rate decreases. Refw t<\
Figure 21B.5.^
d.e.circcsr%
n
•« i «** sn M ma • •
mniuu
m
FI6URE 21B.8
ECG tracing, Lead II.
Anatomy &tPhysiology Quiz
Chapter20: HeartAnatomy
Match the parts of the heart to the functionsbelow.
а. RightAtrium
h LeftAtrium
c. Right Ventricle
d. Left Ventricle
1. Blood from the pulmonary circuit enters the heart here.
2. These chambers contain pectinate muscles (choose 2)
3. The chamber that contains the moderator band
4. Thechambers directly involved in blood exiting the heart(choose 2)
5. This chamber empties into the aorta
б. Contain(s) auricles (choose 2)
7. Contain(s)chordaetendonae (choose 2)
Match the followingvalvesto their descriptions.
a. Tricuspid
b. Bicuspid
c.Pulmonary
d.Aortic
8. Attached to chordae tendonae (choose 2)
9. Found between the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle
10. Semi-lunar valves (choose 2)
11. Found between the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
12. Atrioventricular valves (choose 2)
13. The LeftVentricle pumpsblood through the
valve.
14. These valves are openwhen the ventricles are contracting (choose 2)
15. Deoxygenated blood travels through these valves (choose 2)
Use the followingkey to identify the parts below:
a. aortic valve
b. bicuspid valve
c. chordae tendinae
d. coronary Sulcus
e. coronary sinus
ab. interventricular septum
ac. left atrium
ad. left auricle
ae. left ventricle
a. ligamentum arteriosum
d. right atrium
c. pulmonary valve
ab. right ventricle
ac. trabeculae cameae
b. papillary muscle
e. right auricle
ab. tricuspid valve
ad. Inferior vena cava
ae. Moderator band
a. Left pulmonary artery
b. Left pulmonary vein
c. pulmonary trunk
ac. Superior vena cava
t/
26 (chamber)
18(chamber)
1\
£ »
\\(
:
heart dissection questions
NamenU)\1
Period
Heart Dissection
1. VNTiy are pig hearts used to study the anatomy of the human heart?
r^rc N.r/s'i&r [o C\
hP€.,f+
2. How-tan you^tell which side of the heart is the ventral surface?
rv,f ^). ^
,
,
a
i
^
Pf. V
3. How many chambers are found in the mammalian heart? What other group of organisms would have this same number
of chambers?
^
.
4 CVCA;f-fv\'^
^>'03^5
'n:«,4^<3kwf it Avi AviHP/v-5-'-^
5. WHiich chambers are the pumping chanmers ofthe heart?
4. WTi^s the advantag^in having this number of chambers comp^d^to organisms with fewer number of chambers?
lAC,Afrir\C
!j(rc
CA-jCL-At
dripl
6. Whictrchambers are thereceiving chambers oftheheartr
RiQfriut/v" Q.>r-^\
!/
7. How^o the walls of th^^tria compare with the walls of the
the ventricles
ventriclesi and
and why
why are
are they
they different?
different?
V^f)l\5G'rc
W(?ll6circ
y\\^o.rr.
8. What is the purpose of heart valves?
PftU/CAf IJaocl froi'/N
9. Name & compare the heart valves found/betwe¥n the upper & lower chambers of the right and left sides of the heart.
frit,sp.rl Arl
10. Vessels that carry blood away from theheartare called^4
('orh'c
. while
whilesOr
carry blood
blood toward the heart.
11.
k» Which artery
<u LCI j is the
iiic largest
lai^CM and
aJiU why?
vyiiy;
, .V?)
..
iaIg^A
..
CnOif^Der
2.WFTaf is the purpose of the coronary artery and what results if there is blockage iinhis vessel?
5uCp\!o
R" Vor-'C^-
3. Use the diagram of the heart below to trace blood flow through the heart:
'
bast/if ifkiyrti
, ,
NAME
LAB TIME/DATE
Anatomy of the Heart
Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart
1. An anterior view of the heart is shown here. Identify each numbered structure by writing its name on the correspondingly
numbered line:
1
AirP-j-
>-/i>,r
Co.o-
rAr\-s,or.^n\r.iic..
ayci
aU/r.
tiVi
® (groove)
y-fr(;>)c
(groove) ®
V^\fA
TATU .^vrfc-O '
w
18. j^rr r-.g. i'^s A \iC'\VjC
^ c \<Tuv'AAe)i, ^,rl
\lrA<
21.
I
Cu}
1^11^1
Date
Name
Section
EX6R CI»E,.^;|®p|i
REVIEWING YOUR KNOWLEDGE
# i «»
A. Location of the Heart
1. Describe the location of the heart using the lungs, rib cartilages, and intercostal spaces as landmarks.
h&eti
^^
B. Major Heart Structures
Completion: Fill in the blank with the word that fits the description.
1.Cnroi^ri^ f\pf<?r
arteries that supply blood to cardiac muscle
2.
layer ofheart wall containing cardiac muscle
iCXtA^'
r> 'i'3. Auricle.'^-
extensions of the atria
1|f\ UV^
heart is located here (area between the lungs)
lines the heart chambers
6.
•
pointed inferior part of the heart
7. \iPnhf ;cks
two heart pumps; lower heart chambers
superior heart chambers
*(/
another name for visceral pericardium
10.
wide superior part of the heart
11.
blood pumped by right ventricle (oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor)
12.
blood pumped by left ventricle (oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor)
13.
A
^
15.
5'**^ enlarged muscles in ventricles attached to chordae tendinae
muscle ridges in ventricles
yi/l An ry 1, ridges in anterior wall right atrium
16. C. 1C-'fZ^j.strings attached to AV cusps
X
C. Coronary Circulation-Blood Vessels
Completion: After reviewing the coronary circulation on Figure 21A.7, fill in the blank with the word that fits the
description.
nterior branch of the left coronary artery
posterior branch of the right coronary artery
coronary artery that lies in anterior coronary sulcus
curving branch of the left coronary artery
main artery supplying anterior part of ventricles
shorter coronary artery that divides at the base of an auricle
vein that drains coronary circulation into right atrium
vein that drains most of anterior ventricles
vein that drains the posterior ventricles
yein that drains the right anterior side
p. The Heart and Pulmonary Circulation
Place the following structures in order, tracing the blood flow from the neck area to the heart, to the lungs, and out of
the heart to the systemic circulation.
• aorta
• aortic valve
• bicuspid valve
• left atrium
• left ventricle
pulmonary capillaries
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary trunk
•
•
•
•
pulmonary valve
pulmonary veins
superior vena cava
tricuspid valve
1.
2,
'Aleiv c
C\ hf tu.
i« /-ffi Mntim
11
'
12. >I
6. Pul MCjr&n. "TroK-k
7
"T
\
J .
13. Ar\f4-^C
14.
tV )c
Anatomy &Physiology II Quiz
Chapter 20: Heartbeat
1.
r
Which of the following are not part of the conducting system?
a.
\,
2.
3.
5.
Purkinje Fibers
c.
Branch Bundles
d.
Myocardium
The function of contractile cells are to...
a.
b.
Send signals from the AV node to the SA node
Transmit an action potential from the Bundle of HIS to the Purkinje Fibers
c.
d.
Propel blood out of the heart
Act as pacemakers for the heartbeat
The AV node is different from the SA node in that...
The AV node is composed of smaller cells
b.
The AV node is foimd in the Left Atria
c.
d.
The AV node is the "pacemaker" for the heart
The AV node is part of the contractile system
The rate of the "pacemaker"...
a. Is determined by a nerve impulse to the heart
b. Is controlled by hormones of the body
c.
Is self-controlled
d.
None of the above
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of an action potential in the heart?
a. AV node, myocardium, SA node, Purkinje Fibers, IV Septum
b.
c.
(
The AV node
b.
a.
4.
I\
Name
Nerve Cell, AV node, IV Septum, Bundle of HIS, Purkinje Fibers
SA node, Intemodal Pathway, IV Septum, Purkinje Fibers, Myocardium
d. Nerve Cell, SA node, AV node, Intemodal Pathway, Purkinje Fibers
6.
7.
8.
The Contraction Phase of the cardiac cycle is known as (choose all that apply)...
a. Atrial systole
b.
Atrial diastole
c.
Ventricular systole
d.
Ventricular diastole
The Relaxation Phase of the cardiac cycle is known as (choose all that apply)...
a. Atrial systole
b.
Atrial diastole
c.
Ventricular systole
d.
Ventricular diastole
The Cardiac Cycle occurs...
a. From atrial systole to atrial diastole
b.
c.
d.
9.
From ventricular systole to ventricular diastole
From atrial systole to ventricular diastole
From atrial systole to ventricular systole
During ventricular systole, the...
a. Atria are contracting
b. Blood is entering the ventricles
c.
AV valves are closed
d.
e.
Pressure in the ventricles decline
Ventricles are relaxed
10. A heart that beats too fast is experiencing.,
a. Bradycardia
b. Tachycardia
Label the picture below:
a. AVnode
b. Bundle Branches
c. Purkinje Fibersd. SA node
e. IntemodalPathway
Match theparts of an ECG to the descriptions below. ANSWERS MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE:
a. T Wave
b. PQ Interval
c. P Wave
d. QRS Complex
e. QT Interval
16. Ventricular Repolarization
17. Ventricular Depolarization
\
18. Action Potential begins at the"pacemaker" and travels to the myocardium for ventricular systole
19.Atrial Depolarization
20. Atrial Repolarization
21. Ventricular Depolarization and Repolarization
Use the options below to label the ECG:
a. T Wave
b. PQ Interval
c. P Wave
d. QRS Complex
e. QT Interval
Anatomy Plysio/o^
Chapter20: The Cardiovascular System
1. What is the overall function of the cardiovascular system?
ri rcJ+oJS-rk. r.f\3\oodl
fUrcKfv^Vi fht
^Vfc>V
2. Describe the pulmonary circuit of the cardiovascular system
oT \{}rr^.
3. Describe the systemic circuit of the cardiovascular system
4.
What defines an artery?
CeSS^&s-MY)
,
5. WI^L defines a vein?
Ptt+crvA K^c)^r^
U
V
_^\
rPcy^x HNt h^Ar>
i
\
i
nPi^'W
6. What defines a capillary?
^^irfofror)^^.
hM infer,c,-rr<r/
c
nird
7. In the diagram belo-w, colorthe pulmonary circuit yellow and the systemic circuit green.
8. What are the four chambers of the heart? Next to each, identify which circuit they are a
part of.
c-Le.VV
d.LcPl'
(ck - 5i
c
9. Describe the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity
Vi-e£.r \d^<.
v
SfcTAtAM
10. Approximately how big is the heart?
.S ^ tvA
11. If the heart was cut down the midsagittal axis, describe why it would not be cut into equal
halves(,(^.t-(;^
k*
t
^
h?&.r+
W \ef-f
12. Describe the relationships between the visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium and
pericardial fluid. Draw a picture to represent the relationships.
Sfcre+rA h-\
p,,-; -
13. Label the picture of the heart wall with the following: pericardial cavity, epicardium,
myocardium, endocardium. Use brackets if necessary.
Pen'r-ffl'A)
VA
14. What is another name for the epicardium?
pe^R rf fCr-jl ^ l/V\
15. What is the myocardium made of?
C<"<^rl\o-c, V^M':,
.
^
Valve opens above
contracting muscle
Internal elastic
layer
Endothellum
-Tunica
Intima
Tunica externa
4 ^1
Tunica media 44^yjH
— Tunica media
Endothellum •
—
Tunica intima —~
Tunica externa
Muscular
ledium-Sized Veing
Tunica externa
Tunica externa
Tunica media
— Tunica media
Endcthelium
—Endothellum
Tunica Intima
Tunica Intima
Smooth muscle cells
(Media)
Tunica externa
Endothellum
Endothellum
Basement membrane
FiiflgMratedCw
Endothellal cells —^
Basement membrane
C2012Pearson Education. Inc.
Capillaries
Endothellal
cellsBasement membrane
442
Exercise 21B Function of the Heart
B. Electrical Conduction
System of the Heart
Your heart beats without any stimulation from nerves and
if removed from your body, the heart would still beat. The
internal stimulation that makes the heart beat by itself is
called intrinsic {intrinsic = inside) stimulation and is
caused by specialized, noncontractile cells called auto-
rhythmic cells (causing a rhythm by themselves). These
cells belong to the intrinsic conduction system (nodal sys
tem) that (1) initiates the action potential that causes con
traction ofcardiac muscle fibers, and (2) provides a path
to the interventrlcular septum; this is the electrical
connection between the atria and ventricles; sends ac
tion potentials to the bundle branches.
4. right and left bundle branches—located in the interventricular septum; sends action potentials to the
Purkinje (conduction) fibers.
5. Purkinje (conduction) fibers—located in the apex of
myocardium, as well as in the lateral walls of the
right and left ventricles; sends action potentials to the
ventricular cardiac muscle fibers and papillary mus
cles; the ventricles contract.
way for conducting the action potential to all cardiac
muscle fibers. The autonomic nervous system and hor
mones, extrinsic {extrinsic = on the outside) stimulation,
only increase ordecrease the intrinsic pace.
Rarriiap HnnH^f jf,„
System
The parts of the conduction system are:
1. sinoatrial (SA) node—called the pacemaker because
It initiates action potentials first; located in the wall of
the right atrium just inferior to the opening of the su
1 Label the structures ofthe conduction system on Fieure
2IB.2.
2 Pronounce each term as you point to it on the figure.
perior vena cava; stimulates the atria to contract.
2. atrioventricular (AV) node—receives action poten
tials from the atrial muscle fibers; located in the
lower interatrial septum anterior to the opening ofthe
coronary sinus; sends the action potentials to the AV
bundle (bundle of His).
3. AV bundle (bundle of His)—located in a membra
nous septum between the atria and ventricles superior
• atrioventricular (AV) node
• AV bundle (bundle of His)
• left bundle branch
• Purkinje (conduction) fibers in left ventricle
• Purkinje (conduction) fibers in right ventricle
• right bundle branch
• sinoatrial (SA) node
1
I t / V
V
fC-A
Mm
iV
L-n
r
FIGURE 21B.2 Cardiac conduction system.
EXERCISE
REVIEWING YOUR KNOWLEDGE
A. Heart Sounds
Fill In the blank with the correct term.
1. The first heart sound heard is .
2. The second heart sound heard is
that is due to blood hitting against the
AV
valves.
that is due to blood hitting against the^ Av|
valve.
3. What is a heart murmur?
4. Which heart sound is the loudest sound when auscultated, the lubb or dupp?|0^'j^
{")
C^O-c
V
Dr:s'^ur<^
B. Electrical Conduction System of the Heart
^
1. The heart beats without an extrinsic stimulation from the aiitonomic nervous system, ^or F
2. Autorhyihmic cells are located only in the interventricular septum.
T or
3. Each heart chamber contracts separately, first the Ratrium, then the Rventricle, Latrium, and Lventricle. T or f
4. The ECG records the electrical stimulation of cardiac muscle by the conduction system and not the contraction of the
muscle itself, (^or F
5. The normal pacemaker of the heart is the AV node. T orl£)
6. Number the following structures of the cardiac conduction system in the normal order of depolarization (I to 5).
AV bundle (of His)
fa
AV node
S Purkinje (conduction) fibers
M
right and left bundle branches
1
SA node
447
leveM:RewewingFo<tsandTtrmi
375
erZOsTheHeoft
AU)li}ple choke
^ The valves of the heart are covered by asquamous epithelium, the
l^aee the teRercDtresptrading to the be»tanswer in the spaceprovided.
a.
1. The blood vesselsin the cardiovascularsystem arc subdivided into the
endocardium.
a. lymphaUc and bloodcifcuiU.
b. epicardlum.
C. visceral pericardium,
b. dorsal aorta and inferior-superioF vena cava.
d. parietal pericardium.
c. cardiac and vascular cireuita
9. The three distinctlayersof the heart wallincludethe
d. pulmonary andsystemic drculta
a. epicnrdlum,myocardium,and endocardium.
'2. Blood is carried away Cromthe heart by .
a.
b. slieletal.cardiae.andsmooth.
veins
c. visceral,pariet^, and fibrous.
b. capillariea.
d. arteries.veins,andcapi]lar)es.
10. Atrioventricuiar valves prevent backflow of blood intothe
: semilunar valves prevent backflow into the
3. The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary drcull and empties
illntothe
a. atria; ventricles
a. left ventricle.
b. lungs;systemiccirculat)on
b. tight aiiium.
c. ventricles; atria
c. light venlticle.
d. capillaries;lungs
d. eonus arteriosua
(mOME 20-1
^U.
11. Blood Qows from theleftatrium intotheleftventricle through the
4. The"doublepump"function of the heartindudesthe rightside,whldt
servesas the
dccuit pump,whilethe leftaideserves
vglve.
B. bicuspid
as the
pump.
a. systemic, pulmonary
b. L. atrioventricuiar
b. puimonarythepatieportal
c. hepatic portal; cardiac
d. a, b, and care correct
& mitral
OUrCOMtZW
d. pulmonary; systemic
r
_^12., When deoxygenated bloodleavesthe rightventrldethrougha semilu
nar v^ve,' it is forced into Che
Ihe majordifference betweenthe leftand r^t ventricles relativeto
a. pulffionaty veins.
their role in heart function is
b.
a. the L.V.pumpsbloodthrough theshort,(ow-resistance pulmonary
c. pidmonary arteries.
drcuiL
b. theR.V. pumps blood through thelow-resistance systemic circulation,
c ibeL.V.piunpsUoodthioughthehigh-resisiancesystemic
d. lung capillaries.
Blood fromsystemic circulation isreturned to the ri^t atrium bythe
OUTCOME 2(11
a. superior and inferior vena cava,
drculadoa
' d. TheR.V. pumpsbloodthrough the short,high-resistance pulmonary
drcuit.
^ The great
aortic arch.
vain drains blood from the heart muscle to the
a', right atrium,
Gun;ojvii20-i
b. left ventricle.
A-u
b. pulmonary veins.
c. pulraqnaiy arteries.
d. brachiocephalic veins.
Oxygenatedbloodfrom the systemicarteries flewsinto
a. peripheral tissuecapillaries.
b. systemic veins.
& left atrium.
' d, right veniride.
c. the right atrium.
d. the left atrium.
7. Thevisceralpericardium,orepicardium.cover8the
a. inner surface of Ihe heart
0inC0ME20-1
The lungcapillariesreceivedeoxygenatedblood Crom the
b. outer surface of the bead
a. pulmonary veins,
c
b. pulmooaiy arteries.
vessels in the mediastinum.
d. endotbelial liningof the heart.
' ..
c. aorta.
d. superior and inferior vena cava.
"
levd l! Rsviewftig Fachand Terms 377
^ One of the imporlant differences between skeletal muscle tissue
andcardiacmuscle tissue is thaicardiac muscle tissueb
378
Chaptar 30: TheHeart
23. The slnoatriel node acts as the pacemaker of the heart because these
cells are
a. striated voluntary muscle.
a. located in the wall of the left atrium.
b. inultifliwleated.
b. the only cells in the heart that can conduct an impulse.
c. ibeonlyceUaiDtheheartihnervatedbytheautonomic
c. comprised of unusually largecells.
nervous system.
d. striated involunlaiy muscle.
d. Iheones that depolarizeand reach threshold first.
17. Cardiac muscle tissue
a. will not contract unless stimulated by nerves.
b. does notrequire nerve activity tostimulate a contraction.
24. After the SA node is depolarized and the impulse spreads through the
atria, there b a slight delay before the impulse spreads to the ventricles.
The importance ofthib delay u that it allows
c. b undervoluittaiyconlroL
a. the atria foCnuh contracting.
d. a, b, and c arb.correct
b. the ventrides to repotarize.
^ Tbe primary diffcrenee(s) that characterize cardiac muscle cells when
'
c. a greater venous return.
comparing them toskeletal muscle fibcB b (are)
d. rtothing:there is no reason for (he delay.
a. small size.
^
b. a single.centra1Iy located nucleus.
e. thepresence ofincetcalaced discs.
25. If each heart muscte cell contracted at its own individual rate,
the condition would resemble
a. bean flutter.
d. all ofthe above.
b. bradycardia.
19. Bloodfromcoronary circulation Is returned tothe right atrium
c. Qbrillation.
oftbe heart via
d. myocardia) Infarction.
a. anastomoses.
b. the circumflex branch.
26. The P wave of a imrmal electrocardiogram indicates
a. atrial repolarization.
c. ihecoronarysinus..
T\
b. atrial depolarization.
d. theanterior intcrventricular branch
c. ventricular repolarization.
20. Thefightcoronary arterysupplies bloodto
d. ventrioilardepolerizaiion.
a. the right atrium.
[
27. TheQRScomplexof the ECC appears as (he
a. atria depolarize.
. b. portions ofthe conducting system ofthe heart.
c. portions oftheright afid left ventricles.
d. a,b.andcorecorrea.
21. TUeeoaectsequentialpaihof anormal action potential in the heart b:
a. SAnode -♦ AV bundle -> AV node -» Purfcinje fibers.
b. atria repolatize.
c. ventricles repolatize.
y
28. ECGs are usefulin detecting and diagnosingabnormal patterns of car
b. AVnode-iSAnodft-^AVbundic-tAVbimdle.
diac activity called
a. myocordial infarctions.
b. cardiac arrhythmias.
c. SAnade-+AVnod6-»AVbundle-»bundlebranehes-^
Puricinjcfibers.
/ ^
d. SAnode-»AVnodB-»bundlebranehes-»AVbuodlc-»
PuxklnjeBbers.
22. Ifthe papillary muscles fail tocontract, the
a. atria will not pump blood.
. b. semllunar valves wll not open.
& AV valves will not close properly,
d. ventricles willnot pumpblood.
d. ventricles depolarize
c. excitation-oontraclion coupling.
^
d. autorfaythmicity.
29. An excesrively large QRS complexoften indicatesthat the
a,
mass of the heart muscle has decreased.
b. heart has become enlarged.
c ventricular repolarization has slowed down.
d. cardiac energy reserves arq low.
The eventsbetweenthe start of one heartbeat and the start of the next
are called the
Dmwing/lllusfraHon lobding
Identify each numbered structure by bbeling the follo^wing figures. Place your answers in the spaces
a. nodal rhythm.
provided.
b. propertyofautomaiidty.
c cardiac cycle.
OlilCWiTfrl FJGURE20-1 Anotomy of the Heort (Fronlal Sectioft through the Heart!
d. prepotentialdepoiarizadon.
31. The "lobb-dupp" sounds oftheheart have ptacUcal clinical value be
cause theyprovide infonnatiori concerning the
a. cardiac output,
a. hear! rate.
c. action andefficiency of the AVand semilunarvalvea
d. stroke volume •
^ When achamber of the heart fills with blood and prepares for the start
of the next beat, the chamber is in
a. systole.
b. ventncular ejection.
c. diastole.
d. Isovolunietrie contraction.
33. Al the start of atrialsystole,the ventriclesare filledto around
of capacity.
a. 10 percent
b. 30 percent
c. SOperoenl
d. 70 percent
Thesmouniof bloodejectedbythe leftventricle per minuteis the
a. stroke volume.
b. cardiac output.
c. end-diasiolic volume
d. cnd-sysiolicvolume.
35. Theamouniofblood pumped outofeachvenuicle during asingle beat
isthe
a. stroke volume.
L—
b. EDV.
fcl^i
j c. cardiac output.
/
d. ESV,
As-
36. Undernormalcircumstances, the factors responsible tor making deli
cate adjustments totheheart rateascirculatory demands change are
a. nerve and muscularactivity.
b, cardiacoutput and stroke volume.
c autonomicacdvityand circulatoryhormones.
d. 8.b,andcareconect.
&iulde»
tricuspid valve
pulmonary arteries leftventricle
bicuspid valve
left atrium
right atrium
pulmonary veins
right ventricle
aorta
... L Mit^cAL
, 3\ (aiVp14-:
'• "ii
ew
4
(^knbGln*n
t
oncMecestslc'*
(PtSnoMiydiait]
peAetcOeulaUon
Ventral vMw e> hewt-
Volvar „„ ftopHcV&jv^
-yiTt»
L. CrubHq^
V<j^
DBSIVQMAtld blood
drded, numbered locations—1through
VtJai_Cgv».'
^<}aY'>ru{\5_
*
lb complete the chapter overviewyonwill use thedr^atorypathway tofollow adrop ofblood
as itgoes through the heart and pcripherpl;blood vessels. Identify each structure atthe sequential,
systerruc arteries
inferior venacava
pulmonary semilunar valve L> common carotM artery superior vena cava systemic veins
aortic semSunar valve
peripheral bloodvessels.
LEVEL 2: REVIEWING CONCEPTS
Qiopter Overview
Using tbe toran below, fiU in the blanks tocoirectly complete the chapter overview ofthe heart and
384 dw^afttlwHeoit
levd 2i Roviawing Coocapls 38$
'
1
1
1
Ca^es
LVyAorfa
"Between"
tilood
Celles
UU-V.
Bicuspid
1
Siers
Conducting
1Cutersurface
Co|m
Oxygenated
1
t
Valves
Muiculv
wan
Cons^ct
Fo^
1Inneraurtaoe |
Myocardium
blood
Canloa
A
Tw
olrloventilcular
1
'
Rec (ves
©-
C«^^
artoiy
7B(o0^/
AVyPiiRMMtry
Betyecfi'
PUmonwy
L_
(WS
Mtd4w
eystem
r
Btoeledile
wal
t
two atria
deoxygenatcd btood
oxygenated blood
'nii«e4ay«red
^GuJ
11
Four valves
I
Deoxygenned
•
R^V.
(mm
veins
Blood
Reaves
rvontrtdes
L, tVvO
Four
dianaben
I
^^^empeAM
two semilunar
cudocaiditini
aortic
blood from atria
tricuspid
pacemaker cells
cept roep. Use each term only once.
Using the followingterms,fill in the ciided, numbered, blank spaces to correctly complete the con
Cmtoept MapI
f
F
level 2t Review ng Concepte 389
388 CfapftraOtTliBHeert
VonWclo
Multiple Qtoke
Place£e letter corresponding to the best answerin (hespaceprovided
1. Assuming anatontic position, the bat way to describe the sptcific location of (he
heart in (he body is
a. vrithin the mediastinum of (he thorax.
b. in (he re{ponofthe fifth intercostalspace.
c. just behind the lunga
d. in the center of the chest
2. The functiou ofAechordae,tjjndi'heae isto-
a. anchor the senulunar valj^.fiaps and prevent backward flow of blood into the
AV vaiva
closes
ventricles.
ADialptassure
b. anchor the AV valveflapsand prevent backOowof blood into the atria.
c. anchor the AV valve flaps and prevent backflow of blood into the ventricle,
d anchor the aortic valve flapsand prevent backflowinto the ventricles.
yi Whidi one of the followingwouldnot showup on an electrocardiogram?
a. Abnormal heart block
K Murmurs
c. Heart hloek
d Bundle branch bloidc
f!b answerquestions4-11 refer to the grajrfi on page389,whichrecordsthe events of the
caidiaccycle.]
Tfenetmsad
During ventricular diastole, when the pressure in the left ventricle rises above that in
the left atrium,
a
7. When (he pressure within theL.ventride becomes greater thanthepressure within
the left AV valve closes,
the aorta, the
tx the left AV valve opens.
a. pulmunaiy semilunar valveisforcedopen.
c. the aortic valve doses.
b. aortic semilunar valve doses:
d. all the valves dose.
c. pulmonarysemilunarvalvecloses.
Duringventricularsystole,the bloodvolumein the atria is
and the volume in the ventride is
a
a.
b
c.
d
;
,
.
decreasing:increasing
increasing;deoeasing
increasing; increasing
decreasing; decreasing
6. During most of ventricular diastole, the
a. pressure in the L. atrium is slightlylower than the pressure in the L. venttide.
b. pressure In the L. ventride reaches 120mm Hg whilethe pressure in the L. atrium
reaches 30 mm Hg.
c. pressurein the L.ventride isslightlylowerthan the pressure in the L.atrium.
d. pressures are thesameintheL ventrideand the L.atrium.
d aortic semilunar valve is ftiiced open.
3-
8. The volume of bloodin the L.ventrideis'at its lowestwhenthe
a. ventricularpressure is 40 mm Hg.
b. AV valve opens.
c. atrialpressure is 30mmHg.
yd AV valve doses.
^ Thedicrotic notch indicatesabriefrise in the aortic pressure.The rise in pressure is
due to
a. the dosure of the semilunar valve.
b. a decrease in the ventricular pressure.
c. theopening of theAVvalve.
d. an increase in atria] pressure.
Ce^y«igNO2C04 F«u»«ytC(Kia«xiiA. Hs.,
(a) The conducting system
• •
m B'^rfatnin
Purkinje
^
-40 mV
-20 mV
OmV
420 mV
Bundle
branches
node
Atfioventricular
pathways
Intefnodal
(SA) fKxJo
Sinoatrial
(b) Oepotarization at the SA node
—Yime (sec)~——>
(spontaneous depolarization)
^ Prepotentral
Threshofd
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 20: Heart Sounds, Heart Rate and Pulse Rate
Name ^
Background:
Auscultation means listening to body sounds, typically using a stethoscope. Two particular heart
sounds canbe detected during one heartbeat. These sounds occur afterthe heart valves quietly
close and blood strikes against the closed valve, causing turbulence that we can hear with a
stethoscope.
Although there are four sounds generated during one heartbeat, onlythe first and second can
easily be heard without additional amplification. The first sound lubb, is a little longer and
louder than dubb, the second sound that occurs shortly after the first.
The first sound "lubb" occurs with blood turbulence from the closure of the two AV valves at
ventricularsystole when the ventricles are contracting. The second sound,"dub" is at
ventricular diastole, when the ventricles are relaxing and the two semi-lunar valves close.
The two sounds, "lubb then dub," equal one heartbeat. The number of heartbeats per minute is
the heart rate.
When the ventricles contract, a blood pressure wave is produced that travels in the arteries and
can be felt as your pulse. Your heart rate and pulse will be very close, but not necessarily equal.
Procedure:
Heart Rate at Rest
1. Obtain a stethoscope and clean the earpieces with the alcohol swabs
2. You will be listeningto the aortic valve by placing the bell end of the stethoscope at the
2^^ intercostais space just to the right ofthe sternum.
3. Calculate your heart rate at rest by counting the number of heartbeats in 15 seconds.
Record your data in Table 1.
4. Calculate the number of beats/minute by multiplyingthe number above by four. Record
in Table 1. This is your heart rate.
5.
Estimate the time between heartbeats here
Pulse Rate at Rest
6. Locate the groove in the wrist betweenthe radius and the ligamentjust medial to the
radius. Palpate the radial artery by pressing down with your index and middle fingers (do
not use your thumb)
7. Count the number of pulses per 15 seconds and record in Table 1.
8. Multiply this number by four and record in Table 1. This is your pulse rate.
* You can also use the carotid artery located on either side of the larynx to calculate
pulse rate
^ (j
Heart Rate and Pulse Rate after Exercise
9. Run in place or briskly walk up and down stairs for 1 minute.
10. Take your pulse immediately by counting the number of pulses in 15 seconds.
11. Record in Table 1 and calculate the pulse rate/minute. Record
12. Listen to your he^beat immediately and count the number of beats/15 seconds.. _
13. Record inTable 1and calculate the heart rate^inute. Record
14. Estimate the time between heart beats here
15. Repeat taking the pulse every 30 seconds until the pulse rate returns to the initial resting
rate.
16. Record the time (in minutes) for recovery in Table 1
17. Return the stethoscopes and answer the lab questions
Data: Heart Rate and Pulse Before and After Exercise
Table 1
Activity
Beats in 15
Beats/Min
seconds
Heart Rate at Rest for You
71
IS
Heart Rate at Rest for Your Partner
Heart Rate after Exercise for You
Heart Rate after Exercise for Your Partner
Radial/Carotid Pulse Rate at Rest for You
Radial/Carotid Pulse Rate at Rest for Your
Partner
Radial/Carotid Pulse Rate after Exercise
for You
Radial/Carotid Pulse Rate after Exercise
for Your Partner
Recovery time for you
Recovery time for your partner
m
5^6
10
%o
1^
minutes
minutes
Analysis:
1. Create a bar graph below comparing your data with your partner's data. Be sure to
include your recovery time in your graph.
Discussion Questions:
^
1. At rest, which heart sound is louder, lubb op dub? Explain
b-z'AiAsc i)
b\ood
2. How did your pulse rate/min compare with your heart rate/min?
hro.HbeoA
3. Compare your heartbeat and pulse rate with your partners. What may be causing some of
the differences?
l/OO.'jU
4. Describe a possible extension to this lab in the space below. In other words, what is
another experiment you could do related to heart rate?
oP fi^e
rr-Ml-s,
Name
Syvej>/V
Meart J3)isea5e
I Meart disease includes conditions affecting tfie heart, such as coronary heart disease,
mheart attack, congestive heart failure, and congenital heart disease. |~jeart disease is the
; leading cause of death for men and women in the U-5- K-Cys to prevention include cjuitting
I smoking, lowering cholesterol, controlling high blood pressure, maintaining a healthy weight,
j and exercising. \ou only have one heart
^ome ,3tatistics from the (^.enters for [disease (Control:
• About 600,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year-that's 1 in every 4 deaths.
•
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. More than half of the deaths
due to heart disease in 2009 were in men.
•
Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease, killing more than 385,000 people
annually.
•
Every year about 935,000 Americans have a heart attack. Of these, 610,000 are a first heart attack.
325,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack.
pages 681, answer the following questions related tocoronary artery disease:
1. What is coronary ischemia?
2. What is the cause of coronary ischemia?
3. What is angina pectoris?
Vo.r
of \Vc.
Wbat is Mcart f^isease?
1. Go to the American Heart Association Web Page at htfp://www.hcart.org/HEARTORG/
2. Click on "Conditions" on the menu bar at the top of the page
A. Arrhythmias
Click on "Arrhythmia" and answer the questions below:
Atria) fibrillation
Normal conduction
1. What is an arrhythmia?
Normal
eloclricai
signals
2. List 3 effects of arrhythmias from "Why
SANiode
A Nods
Arrhythmias Matter"
innat sinua rhythm
Atrtsi fibrillaUon
3. Who could have an arrhythmia...list some risk
X
J
1
u :n
fiil
'k'
.v.i
-i 1-!
factors
B. Congenital Heart Defect
lyansposition of ihe 6/eat Afiedes
5. What does the word congenital mean?
rA\
6. What is an "atrial septal defect?"
\Ao\q- m
Airsai s^te! ctePect
Pijlfni^V
vv-e_
artor/
cw.
7.
'Hof oWrvjd^
y\^A\^
How is it treated"?
8. What is "d-transposition ofthe great arteries?"
p\ "Wca^tV k'f\
p
Vir-tc-j \\yC''iy^
\)\c?c?^ AuJca^^ provi^
9. What are the surgical treatments for this?
v)c.c?CA>AnL \ o
C^U^^Ci
*•
C\t~r ir'ff^epl a L r*
QjyA
'•^a
'<
(/vA^TC
-
^
\j> A-/*,r o)pi-^o
o}r^\^o (lAj)^e^ Kt
Vr-ff^<L. iV
C. Heart Attack, Heart Failure and Cardiac Arrest
PW<
brvt>^
Symptoms U»\due
IS
LIKE
IS LIKE
COMPARING
ORANGES
PalpiVhWor j . l-ift>rf ^\op(
Oj,^rr,^_ ^,F(-,culV
Heart failure is... cwo^ic
APPLES
APPLES
TO
' ^
b WoM-
^
Symptoms
Or
.
bo,)f, ^
^CAAjjKip^
D. Cholesterol
1. How do our bodies get cholesterol?
^re>w\
^
/ S u r v i v a{percent)
l Rate
Survival reduced by-7-10^
,each minute deflbriilallon^
/delayed
2. List and explain "good" cholesterol and "bad"
cholesterol
i'nr\rr
s
lO
IS
30
2S
Time to Dcfibrillalion
(minutes)
3.
Look at the Cholesterol animation and describe
Artery
how HDL and LDL work in the body
LDU '
chc/^-b+'cyrA
^I)L 4.
Cholesterol
particles
(lipoproteins)
LDL ^fcji/vN
fo Kc iMolK
Cholesterol
What would "normal" cholesterol levels for LDL
and HDL?
deposited in
lining of artery
,
^0o '^S /dL C-f
Buildup
begins
-Pla^c forms
(atherosclerosis)
5. What happens over time if cholesterol levels are
too high?
Ut;c
TrX for
E. Watch, Learn and Live - Interactive Cardiovascular Library
1. Click on the "atherosclerosis" link. Click through the slides
2. Define atherosclerosis
Ctv(,\Se5 f;,rl-c,firs
»^^froU
3. How does plaque build-up affect the heart?
CXMo<^M cf \2\odt^ OA?^
4. Click on the "Stent" link. Define what a stent is and how it works
UX Vc. iprC'^
Cvft-My
5. What is an angioplasty?
6(^S bSoc^-LGd
arf
V\of<^e.] b\ooJi\o^Jj
F. High Blood Pressure
1. What is considered "high" blood pressure?
Damage irom high blood prassura
^
Above \'-\ 6
imwi
AW(l qo
2. What are the symptoms of High Blood Pressure?
^4
rA.A/.!;k-..,.
Heart
attack c-tMti
3. List 3-4 risk factors for high blood pressure?
m.
3pa»H
f-u^e-5
/Heart
failure
tZZ'f'-if,
G.
Diabetes
1. What is diabetes? What are the different types?
vW^pafiSeas"'
XX,
^'tSe \t^V?\fic5ci
A XXXj
silmuiated
by low
blood
glucose
2. How are diabetes are heart disease linked together'.'
Be specific here
^(C, )7CW,S
\ raises
h- 'ne&rl-
\ blood
glucose
juwso
r glycogeft
3.
What are some of the risk factors for diabetes?
"" "JiyQf
i
^
acids
^
. List kome of the symptoms for...
a. Type 1 Diabetes
tat tissue
\ OS5
amino acids
b. Type II Diabetes
muscle tissue
F""^p| hi^i^vT \f fixe l-i' ^
CUH /
^Cs\aj k)