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From: Airway Luminal Diameter and Shape Measurement by Means of an Intraluminal Fiberoptic ProbeA Bench Model Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(6):637-642. doi:10.1001/archotol.134.6.637 Figure Legend: Bland-Altman plot of the differences between optically measured and micrometer-measured distances. Date of download: 5/4/2017 Copyright © 2008 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: Airway Luminal Diameter and Shape Measurement by Means of an Intraluminal Fiberoptic ProbeA Bench Model Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(6):637-642. doi:10.1001/archotol.134.6.637 Figure Legend: Tracheal measurement model identical to that illustrated in Figure 3 except using greater distance (y2). A, White light passed from a tungsten-halogen source is collimated and directed at a diffraction grating to form a spectrum on the luminal surface of the divided trachea. The optical axis, illustrated by the dotted line, connects the diffraction grating with the pinhole. B, Light reflecting directly perpendicular to the surface passes through the fixed pinhole into a collecting optical fiber and on to a spectrometer. C, A computergenerated spectrograph is used to find the reflected wavelength peak intensity Copyright © 2008 of American Medical (λ 2 peak) through the pinhole. D, Geometry Date of download: 5/4/2017 illustrating the variable angle of diffraction (θ2) of the wavelength of peak intensity Association. All rights reserved. (λ2 peak), the fixed distance between the pinhole and the point of diffraction (d), and the variable distance in question from the optical axis to the luminal surface (y ). E, The same From: Airway Luminal Diameter and Shape Measurement by Means of an Intraluminal Fiberoptic ProbeA Bench Model Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(6):637-642. doi:10.1001/archotol.134.6.637 Figure Legend: Tracheal measurement model using diffracted light and porcine trachea. A, White light passed from a tungsten-halogen source is collimated and directed at a diffraction grating to form a spectrum on the luminal surface of the divided trachea. The optical axis, illustrated by the dotted line, connects the diffraction grating with the pinhole. B, Light reflecting directly perpendicular to the surface passes through the fixed pinhole into a collecting optical fiber and on to a spectrometer. C, A computer-generated spectrograph is used to find the reflected wavelength of peak intensity (λ1©peak) pinhole. D, Geometry illustrating the variable angle of Copyright 2008 through Americanthe Medical Date of download: 5/4/2017 diffraction (θ1) of the (λ1 peak, the fixed distance between the pinhole and the point of diffraction (d), and the variable distance in Association. All rights reserved. question from the optical axis to the luminal surface (y ). E, The same geometry as in panel D shown from a simplified bird’s-eye From: Airway Luminal Diameter and Shape Measurement by Means of an Intraluminal Fiberoptic ProbeA Bench Model Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(6):637-642. doi:10.1001/archotol.134.6.637 Figure Legend: Two fundamental types of reflection. A, In specular reflection, light (down-trending arrow) incident at an angle θ from a plane perpendicular to the surface (dotted line) is reflected (up-trending arrow) away at the same angle θ. B, In diffuse reflection, light incident on the surface is reflected randomly in all directions (up-trending arrows). Date of download: 5/4/2017 Copyright © 2008 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: Airway Luminal Diameter and Shape Measurement by Means of an Intraluminal Fiberoptic ProbeA Bench Model Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(6):637-642. doi:10.1001/archotol.134.6.637 Figure Legend: Transmission diffraction grating. Any given wavelength of light (white tube overlying horizontal dotted line to the right of the diffraction grating, wave direction indicated by long white arrow) is diffracted at a specific angle θ into its spectral components (rainbow-colored triangle to the left of diffraction grating) according to the characteristics of the grating. Date of download: 5/4/2017 Copyright © 2008 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: Airway Luminal Diameter and Shape Measurement by Means of an Intraluminal Fiberoptic ProbeA Bench Model Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(6):637-642. doi:10.1001/archotol.134.6.637 Figure Legend: Schematic for intraluminal probe. A, Flexible fiberoptic cable housing shielding a bidirectional multimode fiber connects the probe head to a tungsten-halogen source and a spectrometer. The probe head consists of a collimating lens, miniature diffraction grating, right-angle prism, and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) rotary motor. B, Incident light from a tungsten-halogen source (white arrow) passing through the collimating lens and diffraction grating exits the probe head from a transparent window forming a diffraction spectrum on the luminal surface. Reflected light©from surface reenters the probe through a second narrow transparent Copyright 2008the American Medical Date of download: 5/4/2017 window and is directed back into the multimode fiber by the right-angle prism and passed on to a spectrometer (red arrow). C, Association. All rights reserved. Cross-section through the airway showing a narrow band of light being reflected back into the probe permitting a single radial